病毒纳米颗粒（VPN）是一种自组装、适应性强的传递系统，用于疫苗和其他治疗剂在各种生物医学应用中的使用。病毒侵入和感染各种宿主和细胞的潜力使其适用于成为潜在纳米载体，具有独特的功能特性、免疫原性能以及改善的生物相容性和生物降解性。VPN通常通过精确的遗传或化学工程技术生产，涉及向壳蛋白（CP）中添加多样的序列或功能荷载。目前，几种球形和螺旋形植物病毒、噬菌体和动物病毒被用作VPN或非传染性病毒样颗粒（VLPs）。除了在癌症治疗、疫苗技术、诊断和分子成像方面的广泛应用，VPN在组织工程、生物传感和抗菌预防中取得了重要进展。它们也被用于能量存储电池，因为具备结合和压电特性。VPN的大规模生产用于研究、临床前测试和临床使用存在着成本效益、可扩展性和纯度等困难。因此，许多基于植物和微生物的平台正在开发中，并且新的病毒也正在被探索。本综述的目标是提供这些进展的概述。版权所有 © 2023。Elsevier B.V.出版。

Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are self-assembling, adaptable delivery systems for vaccines and other therapeutic agents used in a variety of biomedical applications. The potential of viruses to invade and infect various hosts and cells renders them suitable as potential nanocarriers, possessing distinct functional characteristics, immunogenic properties, and improved biocompatibility and biodegradability. VPNs are frequently produced through precise genetic or chemical engineering, which involves adding diverse sequences or functional payloads to the capsid protein (CP). Several spherical and helical plant viruses, bacteriophages, and animal viruses are currently being used as VNPs, or non-infectious virus-like particles (VLPs). In addition to their broad use in cancer therapy, vaccine technology, diagnostics, and molecular imaging, VNPs have made important strides in the realms of tissue engineering, biosensing, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. They are also being used in energy storage cells due to their binding and piezoelectric properties. The large-scale production of VNPs for research, preclinical testing, and clinical use is fraught with difficulties, such as those relating to cost-effectiveness, scalability, and purity. Consequently, many plants- and microorganism-based platforms are being developed, and newer viruses are being explored. The goal of the current review is to provide an overview of these advances.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.