由于其安全性、简单制备、高效性等特点，基于肽的疫苗具有广泛的应用前景，尤其在个性化癌症疫苗的开发方面具有巨大优势。然而，目前的基于肽的疫苗通常需要人工合成和复杂的传递技术，这增加了制备的成本和复杂性。在这里，我们开发了一种利用细菌天然分泌系统将肽和传递系统结合的简单技术。具体而言，我们在细菌中生物合成了一个抗原肽，并通过细菌分泌囊泡外释放，从而实现了肽的生物合成和传递的同时进行。该系统利用了细菌囊泡的天然特性，促进了抗原的摄取和树突状细胞（DC）的成熟。因此，在TC-1肿瘤携带小鼠中诱导了肿瘤特异性CD4 + Th1和CD8 +细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）反应，有效抑制了肿瘤生长。这项研究推动了基于肽的疫苗生物合成技术的创新，并扩展了其应用。重要的是，它为未来使用筛选的肽作为抗原的个性化癌症免疫疗法提供了一种新方法。© 2023 Chen et al.

Peptide-based vaccines have broad application prospects because of their safety, simple preparation, and effectiveness, especially in the development of personalized cancer vaccines, which have shown great advantages. However, the current peptide-based vaccines often require artificial synthesis and intricate delivery technology, which increases the cost and complexity of preparation.Here, we developed a simple technique for combining a peptide and a delivery system using the natural secretion system of bacteria. Specifically, we biosynthesized an antigenic peptide in bacteria, which was then extracellularly released through the bacterial secretory vesicles, thus simultaneously achieving the biosynthesis and delivery of the peptide.The system utilizes the natural properties of bacterial vesicles to promote antigen uptake and dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Therefore, tumor-specific CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were induced in TC-1 tumor-bearing mice, thereby efficiently suppressing tumor growth.This research promotes innovation and extends the application of peptide-based vaccine biosynthesis technology. Importantly, it provides a new method for personalized cancer immunotherapy that uses screened peptides as antigens in the future.© 2023 Chen et al.