免疫疗法在三阴性乳腺癌患者中显示出巨大的潜力，但许多患者对治疗不会产生反应，且由于肿瘤异质性很大，预测反应变得困难。肿瘤血管非侵入性成像可以监测治疗情况，并有潜力辅助预测治疗反应。在本研究中，我们使用超快速功率多普勒超声（US）来跟踪两种乳腺癌模型中肿瘤血管对放疗的纵向变化，以此来相关肿瘤微环境中的血管和免疫变化。使用US成像计算肿瘤体积和血管指数，评估放疗的效果。通过卡尺测量和免疫组织化学观察，验证了US肿瘤测量和放疗后血管反应的定量结果，证明了一种非侵入性血管监测的原理方法。此外，我们发现辐射后的第10天，辐射肿瘤中有大量CD8+T细胞浸润，这是在辐射后第1天首次观察到血管指数持续下降之后发生的。综上所述，我们的发现揭示了超快速功率多普勒超声评估肿瘤血管变化的潜力，该变化可能提示肿瘤免疫微环境，并最终通过预测免疫疗法的反应来改善患者预后。

While immunotherapy shows great promise in patients with triple negative breast cancer, many will not respond to treatment, and predicting response is made difficult by significant tumor heterogeneity. Non-invasive imaging of the tumor vasculature enables the monitoring of treatment and has potential to aid in predicting therapeutic response. Here, we use ultrafast power doppler ultrasound (US) to track longitudinal changes in the vascular response to radiotherapy in two breast cancer models to correlate vascular and immune changes in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor volume and vascular index were calculated to evaluate the effects of radiation using US imaging. US tumor measurements and the quantified vascular response to radiation were confirmed with caliper measurements and immunohistochemistry observations, respectively, demonstrating a proof-of-principle method for non-invasive vascular monitoring. Additionally, we found significant infiltration of CD8+ T cells into irradiated tumors 10 days after radiation, which followed a sustained decline in vascular index that was first observed 1 day post-radiation. Taken together, our findings reveal the potential for ultrafast power doppler US to evaluate changes in tumor vasculature that may be indicative of the tumor-immune microenvironment and ultimately improve patient outcomes by predicting response to immunotherapy.