肝细胞癌（HCC）是一种高度致命且治疗选择有限、预后较差的癌症。碳离子放疗（CIRT）由于其独特的物理和生物学特性已成为治疗HCC的一种有前景的治疗方式。CIRT利用碳离子以高精度和高效的方式靶向破坏癌细胞。Bragg峰现象使得剂量可以精确地传递到肿瘤处，同时最大限度地减少对健康组织的伤害。此外，碳离子具有较高的相对生物学效应，使其对放射治疗耐药肿瘤和缺氧肿瘤区域具有特别的效果。CIRT还提供比传统放疗更短的治疗方案，增加了患者的便利性和依从性。CIRT治疗HCC的临床结果显示出极佳的局部控制率，副作用最小。考虑到其物理和生物学特性，CIRT可能是复杂的临床情况下的可行选择，如肝功能不佳的患者、大肿瘤、再次放疗以及靠近重要器官的肿瘤。需要进一步的研究和较大规模的研究来确立CIRT的明确适应症，并与其他治疗方式的疗效进行比较。尽管如此，CIRT为HCC的治疗提供了潜在的突破，给患者带来了改善的治疗结果和减少治疗相关毒性的希望。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal cancer with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) has emerged as a promising treatment modality for HCC due to its unique physical and biological properties. CIRT uses carbon ions to target and destroy cancer cells with a high precision and efficacy. The Bragg Peak phenomenon allows precise dose delivery to the tumor while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. In addition, the high relative biological effectiveness of carbon ions makes them particularly effective against radioresistant tumors and hypoxic tumor areas. CIRT also offers a shorter treatment schedule than conventional radiotherapy, which increases patient convenience and compliance. The clinical outcomes of CIRT for HCC have shown excellent local control rates with minimal side effects. Considering its physical and biological properties, CIRT may be a viable option for complex clinical scenarios such as patients with poor liver function, large tumors, re-irradiation cases, and tumors close to critical organs. Further research and larger studies are needed to establish definitive indications for CIRT and to compare its efficacy with that of other treatment modalities. Nevertheless, CIRT offers a potential breakthrough in HCC management, providing hope for improved therapeutic outcomes and reduced treatment-related toxicities.