非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者携带表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变，在EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）治疗后进展有限的治疗选择。对于EGFR突变的NSCLC，免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）的作用尚无共识。我们在PubMed、Embase、Web of Science和The Cochrane Library进行了系统文献搜索，进行了网络荟萃分析（NMA）。我们包括了所有的II、III期随机对照试验（RCT）、非随机对照试验（非RCT）和回顾性研究。通过危险比（HR）评估无进展生存期（PFS）和总体生存期（OS）。通过比值比（OR）和相对危险度（RR）评估客观缓解率（ORR）和不良事件（AEs）。我们使用R软件通过贝叶斯NMA比较不同治疗的结果。我们共鉴定了1835个发表结果，最终纳入了17个研究。总共纳入了2085名患者，并接受以下六种治疗：ICIs加化疗（ICIs+Chemo）、化疗（Chemo）、ICIs单药治疗（ICIs）、ICIs加化疗和抗血管生成治疗（ICIs+Chemo+Antiangio）、抗血管生成治疗加化疗（Antiangio+Chemo）、ICIs加抗血管生成治疗（ICIs+Antiangio）。ICIs+Chemo+Antiangio与更长的PFS和OS以及更高的ORR相关（累积排名曲线下面积[SUCRA]，96％，90％，91％）。ICIs在任何级别的AEs、大于等于3级AEs和发生AEs导致治疗中断的任何级别的安全剖面安全（SUCRA分别为99％，68％，94％）。ICIs+Chemo+Antiangio在接受EGFR-TKI治疗后进展的EGFR突变的NSCLC患者中，甚至对于存在基线脑转移的患者，带来最大的生存益处。与化疗相比，ICIs的发生AE的发病率低，并在OS方面具有益处。© 2023 Authors. Cancer Medicine由John Wiley & Sons Ltd出版。

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated who progressed on EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy have limited therapeutic options. There is still no consensus on the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in NSCLC with EGFR mutations.We did a network meta-analysis (NMA) with a systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. We included all phase II and III randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials (Non-RCTs), and retrospective studies. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed through hazard ratios (HR). Objective response rate (ORR) and adverse events (AEs) were assessed through odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR), respectively. R software was used to compare the outcomes of different treatments by Bayesian NMA.We identified 1835 published results and 17 studies were included ultimately. A total of 2085 patients were included and accepted the following six treatments: ICIs plus chemotherapy (ICIs+Chemo), chemotherapy (Chemo), ICIs monotherapy (ICIs), ICIs plus chemotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy (ICIs+Chemo+Antiangio), antiangiogenic therapy plus chemotherapy (Antiangio+Chemo), ICIs plus antiangiogenic therapy (ICIs+Antiangio). ICIs+Chemo+Antiangio was associated with longer PFS and OS, as well as higher ORR (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA], 96%, 90%, 91%). ICIs conferred the safety profile in terms of any-grade AEs, grade greater than or equal to 3 AEs and any grade leading to treatment discontinuation occurred AEs (SUCRA, 99%, 68%, 94%).ICIs+Chemo+Antiangio brings the greatest survival benefit in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations who progressed on EGFR-TKI therapy, even for whom with baseline brain metastases. Compared with chemotherapy, ICIs has a low incidence of AEs and a benefit in OS.© 2023 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.