小细胞肺癌(SCLC)是一种迅速发展的神经内分泌癌，直到最近，有效治疗方案很少。DNA测序和全转录组学的进展已经确定了关键的亚型；因此，SCLC不再被视为同质性癌症。PD-1抑制剂的化疗免疫疗法现已成为晚期疾病的标准治疗，正在进行的研究工作将此策略应用于局限期的设定。免疫疗法与放疗的联合策略也在局限和广泛期疾病的临床试验中积极进行。简明摘要：小细胞肺癌(SCLC)是一种迅速发展的神经内分泌癌，直到最近，有效治疗方案很少。PD-1抑制剂的化疗免疫疗法现已成为晚期疾病的标准治疗。本综述概述了当前SCLC治疗策略、此患者群中的需求和正在涉及免疫疗法的新兴治疗策略，并希望进一步改善患者的预后。© 2023美国癌症学会。

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly progressive neuroendocrine carcinoma that, until recently, had a very small armamentarium of effective treatments. Advances in DNA sequencing and whole transcriptomics have delineated key subtypes; therefore, SCLC is no longer viewed as a homogeneous cancer. Chemoimmunotherapy with PD1 blockade is now the standard of care for advanced disease, and ongoing research efforts are moving this strategy into the limited stage setting. Combination strategies of immunotherapy with radiation are also under active clinical trial in both limited and extensive stage disease. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly progressive neuroendocrine carcinoma that, until recently, had a very small armamentarium of effective treatments. Chemoimmunotherapy with immune check point inhibitors is now the standard of care for advanced disease. This comprehensive review provides an overview of current treatment strategies for SCLC, unmet needs in this patient population, and emerging treatment strategies incorporating immunotherapy that will hopefully further improve outcomes for patients.© 2023 American Cancer Society.