Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）具有抗炎特性，而Omega-6则具有促炎效应，两者之间的平衡是健康营养的重要方面。然而，在过去的30年里，西方饮食在很大程度上从Omega-3转向了Omega-6的摄入。失控的异常和慢性炎症是许多常见疾病的主要组成部分，包括关节炎、心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病、癌症、肥胖症、自身免疫疾病和感染性疾病。Omega-6衍生的前列腺素参与炎症过程，而Omega-3 PUFA具有相反的效应。Omega-3的许多有益作用被认为是由于其抗炎特性，但二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）也具有对免疫细胞的抑制作用，并减少促炎细胞因子的释放。所有这些机制在自身免疫中可能是有益的。目前尚不清楚自身免疫疾病的病理生理学，因此尚无有效的预防或确切的治愈方法。Omega-3脂肪酸补充剂与多种自身免疫疾病的疾病活动显著减少有关，如1型糖尿病（T1D）、类风湿性关节炎（RA）、系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）和多发性硬化症（MS）。对病毒性疾病的研究，包括COVID-19，在使用Omega-3后症状严重程度、恢复预后和存活概率有所改善。最后，有关Omega-3对与衰老相关的代谢性疾病的有益效果的证据是有说服力的。各种研究已经证明，其摄入改善了血脂、脂肪肝病、肥胖症、认知功能和慢性肾脏疾病的心血管并发症（CKD）。Omega-3 PUFA在老年人中也被证明具有抗炎作用，并对与年龄相关的疾病的并发症、衰老和死亡有益的影响。健康的Omega-6/3 PUFA比例应该是为了调节低度炎症，并预防由感染、自身免疫疾病的发展和进展以及衰老引起的氧化应激的免疫调节和并发症。仍然需要随机临床研究来验证目前支持适当剂量Omega-3 PUFA补充的证据，以预防自身免疫和慢性疾病。

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, while Omega-6 have pro-inflammatory effects, and the balance between the two is an important aspect of healthy nutrition. Over the last 30 years, however, the Western diet has shifted largely from Omega-3 to Omega-6 consumption. Uncontrolled aberrant and chronic inflammation is a leading component of many common diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, obesity, autoimmune diseases, and infective diseases. Eicosanoids derived from Omega-6 participate in the inflammatory process, while Omega-3 PUFA have the opposite effect. Many favorable effects of Omega-3 are believed to result from their anti-inflammatory properties, but eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) also have inhibitory effects on immune cells and reduce proinflammatory cytokine release. All these mechanisms can be beneficial in autoimmunity. No effective preventions or definite cures for autoimmune diseases are yet known because pathophysiology is also unclear. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is associated with a significant reduction in disease activity in several autoimmune diseases, like type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies of viral diseases, including COVID-19, show improvement in symptom severity, recovery prognosis, and probability of survival with the use of Omega-3. Finally, the evidence of the beneficial effect of Omega-3 on metabolic diseases associated with aging is persuasive; various studies have demonstrated that their consumption improves lipids, fatty liver disease, obesity, cognitive function, and cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Omega-3 PUFA have also been shown to support an anti-inflammatory effect in older age and to have favorable effects on age-related disease's complications, frailty, and mortality. A healthy Omega-6/3 PUFA ratio should be targeted for the modulation of low-grade inflammation, as well as for the prevention of immune dysregulation and complications of uncontrolled inflammation triggered by infections, development, and progression of autoimmune disorders, and the consequences of oxidative stress due to aging. There is still a need for randomized clinical studies to validate current evidence supporting supplementation with correct doses of Omega-3 PUFA in autoimmune and chronic disease prevention.