越来越多的研究将肠道微生物群与神经退行性疾病联系在一起。肠道微生物群通过肠脑轴与中枢神经系统进行沟通，并影响行为和认知表型。失调（微生物群功能失调）会引发肠道通透性增加和炎症，通过肠脑轴对大脑产生负面影响。更明显的微生物群与更健康的代谢和脂质特征以及认知表型相联系。在本综述中，我们讨论了肠道微生物群和肠脑轴在帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病及相关动物模型、癌症和癌症治疗以及代谢综合征中的作用。我们还讨论了改善肠道微生物群以及最终改善脑功能的策略。由于更明显的微生物群与更健康的认知表型相联系，我们需要加大努力开发针对高风险神经疾病患者和已被诊断出患有该类疾病患者的治疗策略。© Thieme版权所有。

Increasing research links the gut microbiome to neurodegenerative disorders. The gut microbiome communicates with the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis and affects behavioral and cognitive phenotypes. Dysbiosis (a dysfunctional microbiome) drives increased intestinal permeability and inflammation that can negatively affect the brain via the gut-brain axis. Healthier metabolic and lipid profiles and cognitive phenotypes are observed in individuals with more distinct microbiomes. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiome and gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related animal models, in cancer and cancer treatments, and in metabolic syndrome. We also discuss strategies to improve the gut microbiome and ultimately brain function. Because healthier cognitive phenotypes are observed in individuals with more distinct microbiomes, increased efforts are warranted to develop therapeutic strategies for those at increased risk of developing neurological disorders and patients diagnosed with those disorders.Thieme. All rights reserved.