肠道菌群在癌症发生和癌症疾病进展中的关键作用已被越来越多地认识到。最近的研究进展表明，不同的菌群调控工具对肠道菌群-免疫-肿瘤学轴的调节起到贡献作用，为改善已建立的抗癌治疗的疗效提供了令人兴奋的机会。益生元是受益于人体健康且不需要活细胞以获得健康效应的生物元素中的一种新进入形式，并因此不受有关活性微生物的食品安全规定约束。最近将益生元定义为"无生命的微生物和/或其组成部分的制剂，在宿主体上产生健康益处"，逐渐成为科学界的关注焦点。自研究开始以来，关于益生元的众多研究已被证明可增强肠道屏障、减少炎症和促进抗微生物活性。然而，关于癌症治疗潜力的研究仍处于揭示益生元周围所有秘密的早期阶段。本综述旨在通过对其组成部分（包括外源多糖、细胞壁碎片、色氨酸代谢物、酶、细菌裂解物、细胞外囊泡和短链脂肪酸）的生物活性进行"文献之旅"，增加我们对益生元抗癌效应的理解，强调其作为新的辅助治疗方法的前景，并确定进一步研究所需的文献空白。 版权所有 © 2023 Kudra, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Sobocki, Muszyński, Połom, Carbone, Marano, Roviello, Kalinowski和Stachowska。

The gut microbiome has been increasingly understood to play a critical role in carcinogenesis and cancer disease progression. The most recent research advancements have shown that different tools of microbiota manipulation contribute to gut microbiome-immune-oncology axis modulation, offering exciting opportunities for targeted interventions aimed at improving the efficacy of established anti-cancer therapy. Postbiotics are a new entry among the biotics showing beneficial effects on human health while not requiring living cells to obtain the health effect and therefore not subjected to food safety rules for live microorganisms. Postbiotics are recently defined as the "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host" and have gradually become the focus of the scientific community. Since the beginning of research on this topic, numerous studies about postbiotics have been proven to strengthen the gut barrier, reduce inflammation, and promote antimicrobial activity. However, research on the potential application of cancer therapy is still at the early stages of its efforts to uncover all the secrets surrounding postbiotics. This review aims to increase our understanding of the anti-cancer effect of postbiotics throughout a "bibliographic journey" on the biological activity of their components, including exopolysaccharides, cell wall fragments, tryptophan metabolites, enzymes, bacterial lysates, extracellular vesicles, and short-chain fatty acids, highlighting their perspective as a new supportive therapeutic method of treatment and identifying the literature gaps where further research is needed.Copyright © 2023 Kudra, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Sobocki, Muszyński, Połom, Carbone, Marano, Roviello, Kalinowski and Stachowska.