印度被称为印度的面包篮子，但现在被贬低为该国的癌症之都。近年来，与水位下降相关的地下水毒性问题有所报道。然而，需要进行广泛的时空分析以确定热点区域。在本研究中，利用空间工具对旁遮普邦超过315个地点的过去二十年（2000-2020年）的用于饮用水的地下水进行分析，使用水质指数（WQI）。对来自中央地下水部门（CGWB）收集的pH、电导率（EC）、碳酸根（HCO3¯）、氯根（Cl¯）、硫酸根（SO42¯）、硝酸根（NO3¯）、氟根（F¯）、钙离子（Ca2+）、镁离子（Mg2+）、钠离子（Na+）和钾离子（K+）的数据进行了分析。结果显示，阳离子丰度的平均下降顺序为Na>Mg>Ca>K，阴离子丰度的顺序为HCO3¯>SO42¯>Cl¯>NO3>F。将离子与印度标准局（BIS）和世界卫生组织（WHO）制定的水质标准进行了比较。研究结果显示，2000年，69.52%的地点的EC超过了可接受限值，68.89%的地点的Mg2+超过了可接受限值，84.76%的地点的Na+超过了可接受限值，51.75%的地点的HCO3¯超过了可接受限值，38.41%的地点的NO3¯超过了可接受限值，17.20%的地点的F¯超过了可接受限值。而到了2020年，48.89%的地点的EC超过了可接受限值，57.78%的地点的Mg2+超过了可接受限值，68.25%的地点的Na+超过了可接受限值，34.92%的地点的HCO3¯超过了可接受限值，27.30%的地点的NO3¯超过了可接受限值，8.88%的地点的F¯超过了可接受限值。WQI显示，2000年，13.01%的采样地点被归类为非常差，20%的采样地点被归类为不适用于饮用水。与此同时，2020年，6.35%的地点被归类为非常差，12.38%的地点被归类为不适用于饮用水。除了对植物生长的影响之外，饮用受污染水可能对人体健康产生不利影响。还评估了F¯（HQF）和NO3¯（HQN）的健康危害及其总健康指数（THI），发现在2000年有244个地下水采样点和2020年有152个地下水采样点显示出对成人、儿童和婴儿有高非致癌影响。西南旁遮普邦受影响最严重，而喜马拉雅河流域的东北地区的水质较好。过去20年农业实践的改变和由于从更深水层抽取水过量导致的水位下降加剧了南部地区水质的恶化，这是通过地理空间分析观察到的。 ©2023。作者/作者团队专属许可给Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany，该公司是Springer Nature的一部分。

The state known as the bread basket of India has now been defamed as the cancer capital of the country. The toxicity of groundwater associated with the declining water level is reported in recent years. However, an extensive temporal and spatial analysis is required to identify hotspots. In this study, spatial tools are utilized to understand the evolution of groundwater in Punjab (> 315 sites) for the last two decades (2000-2020) for drinking purposes using the water quality index (WQI). The data for pH, electric conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3¯), chloride (Cl¯), sulfate (SO42¯), nitrate (NO3¯), fluoride (F¯), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) collected from the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) were analyzed. The results show that the average cation abundance is in declining order of Na > Mg > Ca > K, and anion abundance is in order of HCO3¯ > SO42¯ > Cl¯ > NO3 > F. The ions are compared with water quality standards defined by BIS and WHO. The study shows that in the year 2000, 69.52% of locations are above the acceptable limit for EC, 68.89% for Mg2, 84.76% for Na+, 51.75% for HCO3¯, 38.41% for NO3¯, and 17.20% for F¯. While in the year 2020, 48.89% exceed the acceptable limit for EC, 57.78% for Mg2+, 68.25% for Na+, 34.92% for HCO3¯, 27.30% for NO3¯, and 8.88% for F¯. WQI shows that in the year 2000, 13.01% of sampling locations are categorized as very poor and 20% as unsuitable for drinking. Meanwhile, in 2020, 6.35% of locations are categorized as very poor and 12.38% as unsuitable for drinking in the study area. In addition to the effect on plant growth, consumption of contaminated water can adversely affect human health. The health hazards for F¯ (HQF) and NO3¯ (HQN) and their total health index (THI) are also evaluated that depicts 244 groundwater sampling sites in the year 2000, and 152 sampling sites in the year 2020 show high non-carcinogenic effects on adults, children, and infants. Southwestern Punjab is found to be the worst affected, while north-eastern regions drained by the Himalayan rivers show better quality water. Shifting in agricultural practices in the last two decades and declining water levels due to excess pumping of water from deeper water tables deteriorated the quality of water in the Southern region as observed from the geospatial analysis.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.