肝细胞癌（HCC）已与肠道菌群关联，最近的研究揭示了肠道菌群产生的应答对肝细胞癌形成相关的免疫应答的多个方面的潜在影响。许多人体和动物研究强调了特定细菌菌株或与肠道菌群相关的代谢物（如胆酸和短链脂肪酸）的抗癌或促癌作用。肠道菌群在HCC发展中的关键作用引发了对通过饮食干预、益生菌和粪菌移植调节肠道菌群的兴趣，作为改善肝癌预后的潜在策略。令人鼓舞的是，临床前和临床研究已经证明调节肠道菌群可以改善肝功能、减轻炎症和抑制肝肿瘤生长，突显了这种方法改善HCC预后的潜力。随着研究继续揭示肠肝轴复杂和动态的机制，发展安全有效的干预措施来针对该途径进行肝癌预防和治疗的时代似乎已经到来，为我们不断努力与这种毁灭性疾病作战带来了重要进展。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been linked to the gut microbiota, with recent studies revealing the potential of gut-generated responses to influence several arms of the immune responses relevant to HCC formation. The pro- or anti-tumor effects of specific bacterial strains or gut microbiota-related metabolites, such as bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, have been highlighted in many human and animal studies. The critical role of the gut microbiota in HCC development has spurred interest in modulating the gut microbiota through dietary interventions, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as a potential strategy to improve liver cancer outcomes. Encouragingly, preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that modulation of the gut microbiota can ameliorate liver function, reduce inflammation, and inhibit liver tumor growth, underscoring the potential of this approach to improve HCC outcomes. As research continues to unravel the complex and dynamic mechanisms underlying the gut-liver axis, the development of safe and effective interventions to target this pathway for liver cancer prevention and treatment appears to be on the horizon, heralding a significant advance in our ongoing efforts to combat this devastating disease.