肿瘤疗法对患者的反应因肿瘤异质性而异。肿瘤分层策略已引起越来越多的关注，以更准确地区分对治疗有反应和无反应的患者。具有独特物理和化学性质的纳米探针在患者分层方面具有巨大潜力。本综述首先描述了能够对特定细胞类型和生物标志物进行可视化并在肿瘤治疗期间或之前释放炎症因子的纳米探针的特征和设计原则。然后，我们关注使用纳米探针对各种治疗模式进行分层的最新进展，包括化疗、放射治疗（RT）、光热疗法（PTT）、光动力疗法（PDT）、化学动力疗法（CDT）、铁死亡、免疫疗法。还讨论了纳米探针在癌症分层中的主要挑战和前景，以促进探针的发展和临床应用。

The responses of patients to tumor therapies vary due to tumor heterogeneity. Tumor stratification has been attracting increasing attention for accurately distinguishing between responders to treatment and non-responders. Nanoprobes with unique physical and chemical properties have great potential for patient stratification. This review begins by describing the features and design principles of nanoprobes that can visualize specific cell types and biomarkers and release inflammatory factors during or before tumor treatment. Then, we focus on the recent advancements in using nanoprobes to stratify various therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), ferroptosis, and immunotherapy. The main challenges and perspectives of nanoprobes in cancer stratification are also discussed to facilitate probe development and clinical applications.