越来越多儿童脑肿瘤的长期幸存者需要我们将从认知神经科学中得出的最新知识纳入他们的肿瘤治疗中。由于病变本身以及每种治疗都可能引起特定的神经损害，这些患者的长期神经认知结果是极其复杂和具有挑战性的，难以评估。全球对这一人群进行神经认知研究的数量呈指数级增长，这促使现代神经科学在治疗前、治疗过程中和治疗后提供指导。在本综述中，我们提供了脑结构和功能连接组的概述以及它们在不同脑肿瘤类型的神经心理结果中的作用。基于这些信息，我们提出了一个理论的神经科学框架，以应用适当的神经心理学和成像随访进行未来临床护理和康复试验。©2023作者们。

The increasing number of long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumors requires us to incorporate the most recent knowledge derived from cognitive neuroscience into their oncological treatment. As the lesion itself, as well as each treatment, can cause specific neural damage, the long-term neurocognitive outcomes are highly complex and challenging to assess. The number of neurocognitive studies in this population grows exponentially worldwide, motivating modern neuroscience to provide guidance in follow-up before, during and after treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of structural and functional brain connectomes and their role in the neuropsychological outcomes of specific brain tumor types. Based on this information, we propose a theoretical neuroscientific framework to apply appropriate neuropsychological and imaging follow-up for future clinical care and rehabilitation trials.© 2023. The Author(s).