因免疫功能受损的人群患上威胁生命的肺孢子菌性肺炎（PCP）的发病率和死亡率不断上升，这在全球范围内引起了关注，促使世界卫生组织将其列为19种重点侵袭性真菌病之一，呼吁加强研究和公共卫生行动。为响应这一倡议，我们提供了关于免疫缺陷非艾滋病毒患者中PCP流行病学的综述，包括免疫抑制剂的使用、癌症治疗、实体器官和干细胞移植、自身免疫和炎症性疾病、遗传性或原发性免疫缺陷以及COVID-19。我们特别关注固体器官移植受者中PCP爆发的分子流行病学、与免疫抑制细胞单克隆抗体的广泛使用以及导致原发性免疫缺陷的各种基因缺陷相关的PCP风险、COVID-19中PCP的同时感染趋势、定植的流行率，以及越来越多支持PCP的新感染与潜伏感染的重启不同而是原发原因的证据。此外，我们还提供了对不同免疫缺陷疾病对免疫系统不同组分影响的简洁讨论。本综述的目标是提高非艾滋病毒患者对PCP的认识和了解，从而改善易感PCP患者的早期识别和治疗。

The increasing morbidity and mortality of life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised people poses a global concern, prompting the World Health Organization to list it as one of the 19 priority invasive fungal diseases, calling for increased research and public health action. In response to this initiative, we provide this review on the epidemiology of PCP in non-HIV patients with various immunodeficient conditions, including the use of immunosuppressive agents, cancer therapies, solid organ and stem cell transplantation, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, inherited or primary immunodeficiencies, and COVID-19. Special attention is given to the molecular epidemiology of PCP outbreaks in solid organ transplant recipients; the risk of PCP associated with the increasing use of immunodepleting monoclonal antibodies and a wide range of genetic defects causing primary immunodeficiency; the trend of concurrent infection of PCP in COVID-19; the prevalence of colonization; and the rising evidence supporting de novo infection rather than reactivation of latent infection in the pathogenesis of PCP. Additionally, we provide a concise discussion of the varying effects of different immunodeficient conditions on distinct components of the immune system. The objective of this review is to increase awareness and knowledge of PCP in non-HIV patients, thereby improving the early identification and treatment of patients susceptible to PCP.