用于电子学到生物医学等许多技术应用的石墨烯相关材料（GRMs）的不断增加需要对其对人体健康的影响进行仔细评估。皮肤接触可以被认为是GRMs最相关的暴露途径之一。因此，本研究侧重于在皮肤层面上评估两个主要不良结果，即刺激和腐蚀，这两个结果是根据经济合作与发展组织（OECD）制定的两个特定测试指南（TGs）（分别是439和431）进行评估的，这两个指南使用体外三维重构人表皮（RhE）模型。在评估它们适用于测试大量粉末状GRMs的合适性后，发现后者并不是刺激性或腐蚀性物质。只有使用刺激性表面活性剂制备的GRMs，在不充分清除的情况下，会导致RhE存活率下降至低于预测皮肤刺激的水平（在42分钟暴露后，在42小时恢复后≤50%），但不会低于预测腐蚀的水平（在3分钟暴露后<50%或在1小时暴露后<15%）。作为额外的结果，对RhE接触这些材料释放的一组炎症介质（白细胞介素-1α，白细胞介素-1β，白细胞介素-6和白细胞介素-18；肿瘤坏死因子-α和前列腺素E2）进行的分层聚类分析支持了缺乏刺激性和促炎性特性。总的来说，这些结果证明了这两个TGs在评估GRMs的刺激性或腐蚀性潜力方面是有用的，并且经过测试的材料在皮肤层面上并未引起这些不良效应。只有使用有毒表面活性剂制备的GRMs没有充分清除，结果表明其对皮肤有刺激性作用。

The increasing use of graphene-related materials (GRMs) in many technological applications, ranging from electronics to biomedicine, needs a careful evaluation of their impact on human health. Skin contact can be considered one of the most relevant exposure routes to GRMs. Hence, this study is focused on two main adverse outcomes at the skin level, irritation and corrosion, assessed following two specific Test Guidelines (TGs) defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (439 and 431, respectively) that use an in vitro 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) model. After the evaluation of their suitability to test a large panel of powdered GRMs, it was found that the latter were not irritants or corrosive. Only GRMs prepared with irritant surfactants, not sufficiently removed, reduced RhE viability at levels lower than those predicting skin irritation (≤50%, after 42 min exposure followed by 42 h recovery), but not at levels lower than those predicting corrosion (<50%, after 3 min exposure or <15% after 1 h exposure). As an additional readout, a hierarchical clustering analysis on a panel of inflammatory mediators (interleukins: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18; tumor necrosis factor-α and prostaglandin E2) released by RhE exposed to these materials supported the lack of irritant and pro-inflammatory properties. Overall, these results demonstrate that both TGs are useful in assessing GRMs for their irritant or corrosion potential, and that the tested materials did not cause these adverse effects at the skin level. Only GRMs prepared using toxic surfactants, not adequately removed, turned out to be skin irritants.