免疫疗法是一种创新的癌症治疗方法，涉及利用人体免疫系统来对抗癌症。免疫疗法的领域不断发展演变，因为新的治疗方法不断研发和改进。在免疫疗法中，一些最有希望的方法包括免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）：这些药物会针对T细胞表面的蛋白质，抑制它们攻击癌细胞的能力。通过阻断这些蛋白质，检查点抑制剂使得T细胞能够更有效地识别和摧毁癌细胞。 CAR T细胞疗法：该疗法涉及对患者自身的T细胞进行基因修改，使其能够识别和攻击癌细胞。 CAR T细胞疗法在许多患有难治性血液肿瘤的患者中展示了良好的反应，并在实体肿瘤中不断进行临床试验。免疫系统调节剂：这些药物通过刺激免疫细胞的产生或抑制免疫抑制细胞的活性，增强了免疫系统抵抗癌症的能力。尽管免疫疗法在癌症治疗中显示出巨大的潜力，但它也可能带来显著的心脏副作用。一些免疫疗法药物如ICI可以引起心肌炎，引发胸痛、呼吸困难和心力衰竭。ICI的其他心脏副作用还包括心律失常、心包炎、血管炎和动脉粥样硬化的加速。对于接受免疫疗法的患者来说，密切监测这些副作用非常重要，因为及时的治疗可以帮助防止严重的并发症。患者还应该立即向他们的医疗保健提供者报告任何症状，以便采取适当的措施。CAR T细胞疗法也可能引发过激的免疫反应，产生细胞因子释放综合征（CRS），可能引发心血管事件，如心律失常、心肌梗死和心力衰竭。总体而言，尽管免疫调节疗法是一种有希望且不断扩展的癌症治疗方法，但在高风险患者中，权衡潜在的益处与风险和副作用非常重要。© 2023。作者（同时也是独家许可给Springer Science+Business Media, LLC，Springer Nature的一部分）。

Immunotherapy is an innovative approach to cancer treatment that involves using the body's immune system to fight cancer. The landscape of immunotherapy is constantly evolving, as new therapies are developed and refined. Some of the most promising approaches in immunotherapy include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): these drugs target proteins on the surface of T-cells that inhibit their ability to attack cancer cells. By blocking these proteins, checkpoint inhibitors allow T-cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively. CAR T-cell therapy: this therapy involves genetically modifying a patient's own T-cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. CAR T-cell therapy exhibits favorable response in many patients with refractory hematological cancers with growing clinical trials in solid tumors. Immune system modulators: these drugs enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer by stimulating the production of immune cells or inhibiting the activity of immune-suppressing cells. While immunotherapy has shown great promise in the treatment of cancer, it can also pose significant cardiac side effects. Some immunotherapy drugs like ICIs can cause myocarditis, which can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart failure. Other cardiac side effects of ICIs include arrhythmias, pericarditis, vasculitis, and accelerated atherosclerosis. It is important for patients receiving immunotherapy to be monitored closely for these side effects, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications. Patients should also report any symptoms to their healthcare providers right away, so that appropriate action can be taken. CAR T-cell therapy can also illicit an exaggerated immune response creating cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that may precipitate cardiovascular events: arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Overall, while immune modulating therapy is a promising and expanding approach to cancer treatment, it is important to weigh the potential benefits against the risks and side effects, especially in patients with high risk for cardiovascular complications.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.