瑞士奶酪模型被用来评估各个行业中的风险并解释事故。这个模型可以用来解剖稳态调节机制的累积调控失常，这些失常导致了包括癌症在内的疾病状态。以脑胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）为示例，我们讨论了特定的促瘤机制如何通过影响基因组完整性、表观遗传调控、代谢稳态和抗肿瘤免疫等方面共同推动疾病进展。我们进一步强调宿主因素，如激素差异和衰老，对这一过程的影响，以及在促进肿瘤进展和促使治疗抵抗性方面，这些“系统故障”之间的相互作用。最后，我们研究了考虑这些要素之间相互作用的治疗方法，这些方法可能更有效，因为脑胶质母细胞瘤驱动因素多样且多方面。版权所有© 2023 作者。由Elsevier Inc.出版，概不发布。

The Swiss cheese model is used to assess risks and explain accidents in a variety of industries. This model can be applied to dissect the homeostatic mechanisms whose cumulative dysregulation contributes to disease states, including cancer. Using glioblastoma (GBM) as an exemplar, we discuss how specific protumorigenic mechanisms collectively drive disease by affecting genomic integrity, epigenetic regulation, metabolic homeostasis, and antitumor immunity. We further highlight how host factors, such as hormonal differences and aging, impact this process, and the interplay between these 'system failures' that enable tumor progression and foster therapeutic resistance. Finally, we examine therapies that consider the interactions between these elements, which may comprise more effective approaches given the multifaceted protumorigenic mechanisms that drive GBM.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.