近年来，我们对癌症发展和演化的分子机制的理解不断进步，同时广泛认识到不同患者之间的变异。因此，以一刀切的方式对待癌症的治疗已被精准药物所取代，这些药物针对特定的疾病特征，承诺能够实现最大的临床疗效、最小的安全隐患以及减少的经济负担。尽管精准肿瘤学在治疗具有特定特征的某些肿瘤上取得了很大成功，但很多患者目前仍无法获得适用于其疾病的精准药物。下一代精准肿瘤学的成功取决于发现新的可行的疾病特征，对每位患者快速、准确、全面地诊断复杂表型，采用新型的临床试验设计提高治疗反应率，并为所有患者提供全球范围内新型的靶向抗癌治疗。本综述概述了一些当前技术趋势，并强调了一些正在进行的复杂多学科努力，以确保更多癌症患者在不久的将来能够从精准肿瘤学中受益。

Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and evolution have evolved rapidly over recent years, and the variation from one patient to another is now widely recognized. Consequently, one-size-fits-all approaches to the treatment of cancer have been superseded by precision medicines that target specific disease characteristics, promising maximum clinical efficacy, minimal safety concerns, and reduced economic burden. While precision oncology has been very successful in the treatment of some tumors with specific characteristics, a large number of patients do not yet have access to precision medicines for their disease. The success of next-generation precision oncology depends on the discovery of new actionable disease characteristics, rapid, accurate, and comprehensive diagnosis of complex phenotypes within each patient, novel clinical trial designs with improved response rates, and worldwide access to novel targeted anticancer therapies for all patients. This review outlines some of the current technological trends, and highlights some of the complex multidisciplinary efforts that are underway to ensure that many more patients with cancer will be able to benefit from precision oncology in the near future.