固体肿瘤是导致全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因，其特点是肿瘤快速生长和局部及远程转移。癌症治疗中遇到的失败主要与肿瘤微环境的复杂生物学相关。基于纳米颗粒（NPs）的方法已经显示出克服实体肿瘤病理生理特征所带来的限制的潜力，为癌症诊断和治疗的多功能系统的开发提供了可能，并实现了对肿瘤生长的有效抑制。在不同类别的纳米颗粒中，由于其出色的化学和物理性质、易于表面多功能化、近红外（NIR）光吸收和可调节的生物相容性，2D基于石墨烯的纳米材料（GBNs）代表了用于实体肿瘤治疗的理想纳米平台。在这里，我们回顾了与石墨烯、氧化石墨烯（GO）、还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）和石墨烯量子点（GQDs）基于纳米系统的合成相关的最新进展，用于开发用于光声成像引导光热化学疗法、光热治疗（PTT）和光动力疗法（PDT）的治疗/诊断纳米颗粒，应用于实体肿瘤破坏。对于每一类GBNs，我们在这里讨论了使用这些纳米系统的优势，考虑到不同的化学性质和多功能性化的可能性，以及生物分布和毒性方面，这是将其转化为临床使用的关键挑战。

Solid tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, being characterized by rapid tumor growth and local and distant metastases. The failures encountered in cancer treatment are mainly related to the complicated biology of the tumor microenvironment. Nanoparticles-based (NPs) approaches have shown the potential to overcome the limitations caused by the pathophysiological features of solid cancers, enabling the development of multifunctional systems for cancer diagnosis and therapy and allowing effective inhibition of tumor growth. Among the different classes of NPs, 2D graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), due to their outstanding chemical and physical properties, easy surface multi-functionalization, near-infrared (NIR) light absorption and tunable biocompatibility, represent ideal nanoplatforms for the development of theranostic tools for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we reviewed the most recent advances related to the synthesis of nano-systems based on graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), for the development of theranostic NPs to be used for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal-chemotherapy, photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), applied to solid tumors destruction. The advantages in using these nano-systems are here discussed for each class of GBNs, taking into consideration the different chemical properties and possibility of multi-functionalization, as well as biodistribution and toxicity aspects that represent a key challenge for their translation into clinical use.