对于免疫反应和癌症之间的关系，特别是与人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）相关的癌症，已经有了一定的认识，这使得研究和开发针对这些肿瘤的治疗性疫苗成为可能。关于肿瘤微环境（TME）的组成和影响在多种癌症类型的发展或建立中的研究也在不断增加。因此，已经可以构建基于治疗性疫苗的免疫治疗方法，这些方法更加特异且针对TME组分和与肿瘤相关的免疫应答。其中包括已在HPV相关癌症治疗策略中进行研究的最重要的专业抗原递呈细胞（APC）——树突状细胞（DCs）。另一方面，肿瘤相关巨噬细胞也是潜在的靶点，因为肿瘤浸润的M1或M2类型巨噬细胞的特征会影响某些类型癌症的预后。这两种细胞类型可以是治疗或免疫调节的靶点。在这种背景下，我们的综述旨在概述HPV阳性肿瘤的免疫治疗策略，例如宫颈癌和头颈部癌症，并将TME免疫细胞作为这些方法的有希望的靶点。该综述还探讨了免疫治疗在癌症治疗中的潜力，包括检查点抑制剂、细胞因子免疫治疗、免疫疫苗和细胞治疗。此外，它强调了理解TME及其对免疫治疗方法设计和实现的影响的重要性。

The understanding of the relationship between immunological responses and cancers, especially those related to HPV, has allowed for the study and development of therapeutic vaccines against these neoplasias. There is a growing number of studies about the composition and influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the progression or establishment of the most varied types of cancer. Hence, it has been possible to structure immunotherapy approaches based on therapeutic vaccines that are even more specific and directed to components of TME and the immune response associated with tumors. Among these components are dendritic cells (DCs), which are the main professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) already studied in therapy strategies for HPV-related cancers. On the other hand, tumor-associated macrophages are also potential targets since the profile present in tumor infiltrates, M1 or M2, influences the prognosis of some types of cancer. These two cell types can be targets for therapy or immunomodulation. In this context, our review aims to provide an overview of immunotherapy strategies for HPV-positive tumors, such as cervical and head and neck cancers, pointing to TME immune cells as promising targets for these approaches. This review also explores the potential of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, including checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine immunotherapies, immunotherapy vaccines, and cell therapies. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of understanding the TME and its effect on the design and achievement of immunotherapeutic methods.