蛋白质作为调控许多细胞活动的关键执行者，决定了是否能以有序和高效的方式执行生命活动。前体蛋白质是惰性的，必须经过翻译后修饰才能产生多种蛋白质类型和功能。蛋白质翻译后修饰（PTMs）被广泛认可与癌症发生和免疫调节直接相关，并已成为癌症检测和治疗的重要靶点。乳酰化（Kla）是一种与细胞代谢相关的新型PTM，在广泛的细胞中发现，并与组蛋白和非组蛋白相互作用。与其他表观遗传变化不同，所有目前的研究都将Kla与肿瘤预后不良关联起来。组蛋白的Kla可以影响肿瘤和免疫细胞中的基因表达，从而促进恶性肿瘤和免疫抑制。非组蛋白也可以通过Kla调控肿瘤进展和治疗耐药性。本综述旨在总结Kla在癌症发生和进展、代谢重编程、免疫抑制和肠道菌群调节中的作用，以寻找癌症治疗的新分子靶点，并为联合靶向治疗和免疫治疗提供新方向。版权所有©2023年苏氏、郑氏、卞氏、常氏、包氏、于氏、辛氏和姜氏。

As critical executors regulating many cellular operations, proteins determine whether living activities can be performed in an orderly and efficient manner. Precursor proteins are inert and must be modified posttranslationally to enable a wide range of protein types and functions. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are well recognized as being directly associated with carcinogenesis and immune modulation and have emerged as important targets for cancer detection and treatment. Lactylation (Kla), a novel PTM associated with cellular metabolism found in a wide range of cells, interacts with both histone and nonhistone proteins. Unlike other epigenetic changes, Kla has been linked to poor tumor prognosis in all current studies. Histone Kla can affect gene expression in tumors and immunological cells, thereby promoting malignancy and immunosuppression. Nonhistone proteins can also regulate tumor progression and treatment resistance through Kla. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of Kla in the onset and progression of cancers, metabolic reprogramming, immunosuppression, and intestinal flora regulation to identify new molecular targets for cancer therapy and provide a new direction for combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy.Copyright © 2023 Su, Zheng, Bian, Chang, Bao, Yu, Xin and Jiang.