癌症尽管近年来引入了许多新的医疗干预手段，仍然是一个重大的健康问题。对于癌症治疗的主要选择之一是所谓的养成性细胞疗法（ACT）。ACT可以使用先天性免疫细胞，包括树突状细胞（DCs）、自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）和γδT细胞以及后天性免疫T细胞来实施。目前已经可以在临床研究中利用这些细胞的原始状态和改良状态。由于在癌症治疗中取得了相当大的成功，ACT现在在先进治疗方案中发挥着作用。通过对自体和异基因免疫细胞（T淋巴细胞、NK细胞、巨噬细胞等）进行遗传工程，制备带有嵌合抗原受体（CAR）的新工具，可以针对癌细胞上的特定抗原。美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）已经批准某些CAR-T细胞用于血液系统恶性肿瘤，希望其使用可以扩展到包括特别是NK细胞在内的各种细胞。然而，ACT方法存在一些限制，比如异基因移植中的排斥风险。因此，正在进行大量的努力来消除或减少这种排斥以及其他并发症。在本综述中，我们编写了一份从传统治疗到基于细胞的方法的乳腺癌（BC）治疗指南，特别介绍了包括NK细胞在内的新技术，如CAR和近期的适配体技术，这在BC免疫疗法中可以发挥重要作用。© 2023. 作者，独家许可给Springer Nature Switzerland AG。

Cancer remains a major health problem despite numerous new medical interventions that have been introduced in recent years. One of the major choices for cancer therapy is so-called adoptive cell therapy (ACT). ACT can be performed using both innate immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T cells and acquired immune T cells. It has become possible to utilize these cells in both their native and modified states in clinical studies. Because of considerable success in cancer treatment, ACT now plays a role in advanced therapy protocols. Genetic engineering of autologous and allogeneic immune cells (T lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages, etc.) with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is a powerful new tool to target specific antigens on cancer cells. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US has approved certain CAR-T cells for hematologic malignancies and it is hoped that their use can be extended to incorporate a variety of cells, in particular NK cells. However, the ACT method has some limitations, such as the risk of rejection in allogeneic engrafts. Accordingly, numerous efforts are being made to eliminate or minimize this and other complications. In the present review, we have developed a guide to breast cancer (BC) therapy from conventional therapy, through to cell-based approaches, in particular novel technologies including CAR with emphasis on NK cells as a new and safer candidate in this field as well as the more recent aptamer technology, which can play a major role in BC immunotherapy.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.