脑或脊髓可形成一种名为星形细胞瘤的癌症，有时会导致死亡。虽然对于导致星形细胞瘤形成的确切信号级联的详细概述还没有被揭示，但已经研究了各种因素。因此，我们的目标是揭示和总结目前对于分子遗传学和相关信号通路以及星形细胞瘤可能的治疗策略的理解。根据最近的文献综述，普遍情况下，已经发现了四种不同形式的星形细胞瘤，包括分界型、弥漫型、异型型和多形性胶质母细胞瘤。所有类型的星形细胞瘤都与一些致癌信号级联直接相关。常见的信号通路是MAPK级联，包括通过激活EGFR/AKT/PTEN/mTOR和PDGFR上调的Ras-Raf-ERK。最近的突破性研究发现，BRAF突变，包括KIAA1549: BRAF和BRAF V600E，是星形细胞瘤进展的原因。此外，一些肿瘤抑制基因的突变（如Tp53/ATRX和MGMT突变）也会影响癌症进展。由于合成药物必须穿过血脑屏障（BBB），调节miRNA等信号系统是治疗星形细胞瘤患者的首选方法。然而，可用的手术、放射治疗以及辅助疗法、抗血管生成疗法和EGFR靶向抗体药物等实验疗法是大多数星形细胞瘤的常规治疗。与常规抗癌药物类似，一些植物化学物质通过同时调控细胞周期调节、凋亡、转移扩散、酪氨酸激酶、生长因子受体和与抗氧化相关蛋白质等多个细胞蛋白质，来减缓肿瘤生长。总之，细胞和分子信号与星形细胞瘤的发展直接相关，结合常规和替代治疗可以改善癌症患者的恶性程度。 © 2023 The Authors. Cancer Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

A form of cancer called astrocytoma can develop in the brain or spinal cord and sometimes causes death. A detailed overview of the precise signaling cascade underlying astrocytoma formation has not yet been revealed, although various factors have been investigated. Therefore, our objective was to unravel and summarize our current understanding of molecular genetics and associated signaling pathways with some possible therapeutic strategies for astrocytoma.In general, four different forms of astrocytoma have been identified in individuals, including circumscribed, diffuse, anaplastic, and multiforme glioblastoma, according to a recent literature review. All types of astrocytoma have a direct connection with some oncogenic signaling cascade. Common signaling is MAPK cascade, including Ras-Raf-ERK, up-regulated with activating EGFR/AKT/PTEN/mTOR and PDGFR. Recent breakthrough studies found that BRAF mutations, including KIAA1549: BRAF and BRAF V600E are responsible for astrocytoma progression. Additionally, cancer progression is influenced by mutations in some tumor suppressor genes, such as the Tp53/ATRX and MGMT mutant. As synthetic medications must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), modulating signal systems such as miRNA is the primary option for treating patients with astrocytoma. However, available surgery, radiation therapy, and experimental therapies such as adjuvant therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, and EGFR-targeting antibody drug are the usual treatment for most types of astrocytoma. Similar to conventional anticancer medications, some phytochemicals slow tumor growth by simultaneously controlling several cellular proteins, including those involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastatic spread, tyrosine kinase, growth factor receptor, and antioxidant-related proteins.In conclusion, cellular and molecular signaling is directly associated with the development of astrocytoma, and a combination of conventional and alternative therapies can improve the malignancy of cancer patients.© 2023 The Authors. Cancer Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.