undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can initiate adaptive immune responses against dead cell-associated antigens, provided that (1) said antigens are not perfectly covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), (2) cell death occurs along with the emission of immunostimulatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that actively engage immune effector mechanisms (adjuvanticity), and (3) the microenvironment of dying cells is permissive for the initiation of adaptive immunity. Finally, ICD-driven immune responses can only operate and exert cytotoxic effector functions if the microenvironment of target cancer cells enables immune cell infiltration and activity. Multiple forms of radiation, including non-ionizing (ultraviolet) and ionizing radiation, elicit bona fide ICD as they increase both the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cancer cells. Here, we review the molecular determinants of ICD as elicited by radiation as we critically discuss strategies to reinforce the immunogenicity of cancer cells succumbing to clinically available radiation strategies.© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 癌细胞经历免疫原性细胞死亡（ICD）时，可以激发适应性免疫应答以抗击相关死亡细胞抗原，但前提是（1）所述抗原不完全被中央耐受所覆盖（抗原性），（2）细胞死亡伴随着免疫刺激细胞因子和损伤相关分子模式（DAMP），积极参与免疫效应机制（佐剂性），（3）垂死细胞的微环境有利于适应性免疫的启动。最后，ICD驱动的免疫应答只有在靶癌细胞的微环境允许免疫细胞浸润和活性时才能发挥作用和施加细胞毒性效应。包括非电离辐射（紫外线）和电离辐射在内的多种放射线形式能够引发真正的ICD，因为它们增加了垂死癌细胞的抗原性和佐剂性。在这里，我们回顾了辐射引发的ICD的分子决定因素，同时批判性地讨论了加强临床可用辐射策略下癌细胞免疫原性的策略。 © 2023 John Wiley＆Sons A / S。由John Wiley＆Sons Ltd.出版。

Cancer cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can initiate adaptive immune responses against dead cell-associated antigens, provided that (1) said antigens are not perfectly covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), (2) cell death occurs along with the emission of immunostimulatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that actively engage immune effector mechanisms (adjuvanticity), and (3) the microenvironment of dying cells is permissive for the initiation of adaptive immunity. Finally, ICD-driven immune responses can only operate and exert cytotoxic effector functions if the microenvironment of target cancer cells enables immune cell infiltration and activity. Multiple forms of radiation, including non-ionizing (ultraviolet) and ionizing radiation, elicit bona fide ICD as they increase both the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cancer cells. Here, we review the molecular determinants of ICD as elicited by radiation as we critically discuss strategies to reinforce the immunogenicity of cancer cells succumbing to clinically available radiation strategies.© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.