胰腺导管腺癌（PDAC）占所有胰腺癌例的95％，是癌症死亡的第七大原因。预后不良是由于晚期出现、缺乏筛查测试以及一些患者对化疗和放疗产生抗药性。在胰腺癌中，免疫治疗等新疗法近年来备受关注。然而，这个领域仍处于起步阶段，还有很多需要探索的地方。免疫治疗和其他靶向治疗在治疗PDAC方面尚未取得重大进展，主要是由于我们对该疾病免疫机制及其与肿瘤微环境（TME）之间复杂相互作用的理解有限。在本综述中，我们概述了在胰腺癌领域研究的目前的新型免疫疗法。我们讨论了它们的机制，以及在胰腺癌中的证据和这些疗法的局限性。我们展示了在PDAC中结合新疗法的潜在作用，提出了它们的潜在临床意义以及与在PDAC中使用它们相关的障碍。讨论的疗法包括程序化死亡检查点抑制剂、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4、嵌合抗原受体-T细胞疗法、溶瘤病毒疗法和疫苗疗法，包括KRAS疫苗、端粒酶疫苗、胃泌素疫苗、Survivin靶向疫苗、热休克蛋白（HSP）肽复合物疫苗、MUC-1靶向疫苗、利斯特菌基础疫苗和树突状细胞基础疫苗。

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for up to 95% of all pancreatic cancer cases and is the seventh-leading cause of cancer death. Poor prognosis is a result of late presentation, a lack of screening tests and the fact some patients develop resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Novel therapies like immunotherapeutics have been of recent interest in pancreatic cancer. However, this field remains in its infancy with much to unravel. Immunotherapy and other targeted therapies have yet to yield significant progress in treating PDAC, primarily due to our limited understanding of the disease immune mechanisms and its intricate interactions with the tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review we provide an overview of current novel immunotherapies which have been studied in the field of pancreatic cancer. We discuss their mechanisms, evidence available in pancreatic cancer as well as the limitations of such therapies. We showcase the potential role of combining novel therapies in PDAC, postulate their potential clinical implications and the hurdles associated with their use in PDAC. Therapies discussed with include programmed death checkpoint inhibitors, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T cell therapy, oncolytic viral therapy and vaccine therapies including KRAS vaccines, Telomerase vaccines, Gastrin Vaccines, Survivin-targeting vaccines, Heat-shock protein (HSP) peptide complex-based vaccines, MUC-1 targeting vaccines, Listeria based vaccines and Dendritic cell-based vaccines.