免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs）是针对免疫系统抑制性目标的特异性单克隆抗体，主要包括程序化死亡-1（PD-1）配体-1（PD-L1）和细胞性毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4（CTLA-4）。这些药物能够增强T细胞介导的免疫反应，对抗癌细胞。这些药物在晚期转移性癌症患者（如黑色素瘤，非小细胞肺癌，肾细胞癌）中明显改善了预后。然而，抗肿瘤T细胞的无控制活化可能引发过度的免疫反应，可能导致包括淋巴细胞性心肌炎在内的多器官损伤。ICIs诱导的心肌炎的发病率被低估，并且受此影响的患者了解不足。这种疾病的诊断和治疗主要基于专家意见和病例报告。心电图和超声波是可以帮助识别接受ICIs治疗中心肌炎风险的测试工具，如QRS波群增大和全长纵向应变（GLS）缩小等。ICI相关心肌炎的治疗基于免疫抑制剂、单克隆抗体和融合蛋白。未来的策略可能包括使用microRNA。本综述考虑了免疫相关不良心血管事件的现状，着重于组织学和临床特征，诊断和治疗，包括现有治疗和未来的药物靶点。

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are specific monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory targets of the immune system, mainly represented by programmed death-1 (PD1) ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), thus enabling an amplified T-cell-mediated immune response against cancer cells. These drugs have significantly improved prognosis in patients with advanced metastatic cancer (e.g., melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma). However, uncontrolled activation of anti-tumor T-cells could trigger an excessive immune response, possibly responsible for multi-organ damage, including, among others, lymphocytic myocarditis. The incidence of ICIs-induced myocarditis is underestimated and the patients affected are poorly characterized. The diagnosis and management of this condition are mainly based on expert opinion and case reports. EKG and ultrasound are tests that can help identify patients at risk of myocarditis during treatment by red flags, such as QRS complex enlargement and narrowing of global longitudinal strain (GLS). Therapy of ICI-related myocarditis is based on immunosuppressors, monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins. A future strategy could involve the use of microRNAs. This review considers the current state of the art of immune-related adverse cardiovascular events, focusing on histological and clinical features, diagnosis and management, including current treatments and future pharmacological targets.