纳米技术的应用提高了对纳米载体的研究重要性，过去几年，纳米载体彻底改变了药物传递治疗多种疾病，包括癌症的方法。癌症作为世界上致命的疾病之一，由于对多种化学治疗药物的多药耐药性引起科学家的关注。为了最小化化疗药物对健康细胞的副作用并发展药物传递系统的技术先进性，科学家们通过将化疗药物整合到纳米载体内部，如合成聚合物、纳米管、胶束、树状聚合物、磁性纳米颗粒、量子点（QDs）、脂质纳米颗粒、纳米生物聚合物物质等，开发出了一种将化疗药物传递到目标部位的替代方法，在肿瘤管理的临床前和临床试验中显示出有希望的结果。此外，纳米载体，特别是生物聚合物纳米颗粒由于其成本效益、可降解性、治疗疗效以及穿越血脑屏障的药物传递能力受到研究人员的广泛关注。本综述着重介绍了不同生物聚合物纳米载体在体外和体内靶向癌症治疗中的制备过程、治疗和治疗-调控应用以及重要性，并以生物聚合物纳米载体在肿瘤治疗中使用的挑战和机遇作为结论，以提高其可用性并降低其毒性。

Applications of nanotechnology have increased the importance of research and nanocarriers, which have revolutionized the method of drug delivery to treat several diseases, including cancer, in the past few years. Cancer, one of the world's fatal diseases, has drawn scientists' attention for its multidrug resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs. To minimize the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents on healthy cells and to develop technological advancement in drug delivery systems, scientists have developed an alternative approach to delivering chemotherapeutic drugs at the targeted site by integrating it inside the nanocarriers like synthetic polymers, nanotubes, micelles, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), lipid nanoparticles, nano-biopolymeric substances, etc., which has shown promising results in both preclinical and clinical trials of cancer management. Besides that, nanocarriers, especially biopolymeric nanoparticles, have received much attention from researchers due to their cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, treatment efficacy, and ability to target drug delivery by crossing the blood-brain barrier. This review emphasizes the fabrication processes, the therapeutic and theragnostic applications, and the importance of different biopolymeric nanocarriers in targeting cancer both in vitro and in vivo, which conclude with the challenges and opportunities of future exploration using biopolymeric nanocarriers in onco-therapy with improved availability and reduced toxicity.