特发性肺纤维化（IPF）是一种进行性退行性肺部疾病。转型生长因子（TGF）-β、血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）是介导肺部的肌成纤维细胞分化和促进纤维组织重塑的主要调节因子。已知香烟烟雾、石棉纤维、药物和辐射有利于肺部纤维组织重塑。内质网（ER）中的氧化应激也导致蛋白质错误折叠并促进ER应激，在IPF中占主导地位。这一现象进一步导致过多的活性氧（ROS）聚集，增加氧化应激。在ER中的蛋白质折叠过程中，半胱氨酸残基上的巯基被氧化并形成二硫键，导致产生过氧化氢（H2O2）作为副产物。随着ER中错误折叠的蛋白质的积累，细胞启动了多个信号级联反应，总体上称为未折叠蛋白应激反应（UPR）。UPR还在ER和线粒体内诱导ROS的产生，促进细胞凋亡和生存途径。COVID-19后肺纤维化（PCPF）的患病率为44.9％，同时"Coronavirus Disease 2019"（COVID-19）的并发症呈惊人增长。纤维性气道重塑和肺功能下降是严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）感染和IPF的共同终点。黄酮类物质存在于我们的膳食补充剂中，具有药用性质。芹菜素是一种在植物中发现的黄酮类物质，包括洋甘菊、百里香、欧芹、大蒜、石榴和西兰花，并调节多种细胞功能，如氧化应激、ER应激和纤维反应。在本研究中，我们将重点关注IPF和COVID-19的发病机制以及芹菜素在疾病进展中的潜在作用。©2023年，该作者在Springer Science+Business Media, LLC的独家许可下，Springer Nature的一部分。

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, degenerative pulmonary condition. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are the major modulators of IPF that mediate myofibroblast differentiation and promote fibrotic remodeling of the lung. Cigarette smoke, asbestos fiber, drugs, and radiation are known to favor fibrotic remodeling of the lungs. Oxidative stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also leads to protein misfolding and promotes ER stress, which is predominant in IPF. This phenomenon further results in excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) aggregation, increasing oxidative stress. During protein folding in the ER, thiol groups on the cysteine residue are oxidized and disulfide bonds are formed, which leads to the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product. With the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER, multiple signaling cascades are initiated by the cell, collectively termed as the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR also induces ROS production within the ER and mitochondria and promotes both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways. The prevalence of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF) is 44.9%, along with an alarming increase in "Coronavirus Disease 2019" (COVID-19) comorbidities. Fibrotic airway remodeling and declined lung function are the common endpoints of SARS-CoV-2 infection and IPF. Flavonoids are available in our dietary supplements and exhibit medicinal properties. Apigenin is a flavonoid found in plants, including chamomile, thyme, parsley, garlic, guava, and broccoli, and regulates several cellular functions, such as oxidative stress, ER stress, and fibrotic responses. In this study, we focus on the IPF and COVID-19 pathogenesis and the potential role of Apigenin in addressing disease progression.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.