脑疾病，如脑肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、脑血管疾病和脑损伤，是由于过度或受损的血管生成、神经炎症、免疫活化或抑制、神经退行性疾病和神经病毒蛋白沉积等多种病理生理变化引起的；这构成了严重的健康威胁。由于血脑屏障的存在，大脑疾病通常很难治疗，它阻碍了药物到达脑部的输送。仿生纳米囊泡（BNVs），包括来自各种细胞的内源性细胞外囊泡（EVs）和人工纳米囊泡（ANVs），具有穿透血脑屏障的能力，因此可以用于向大脑输送药物。BNVs，尤其是内源性EVs，广泛分布于体液中，并通常携带各种与疾病相关的信号分子，如蛋白质、RNA和DNA，因此它们也可用于分析和理解脑疾病的病因和发病机制。本综述将全面分类和表征BNVs及其参与各种脑疾病的病理生理作用，并重点介绍集成纳米技术的BNVs在脑疾病治疗方面的应用，包括各种诊断策略和精确的治疗调控（例如免疫调节、紊乱的蛋白清除、抗神经炎症、神经再生、血管生成和肠-脑轴调节等）。我们还讨论和概述了集成纳米技术的BNVs在脑疾病的诊断和治疗中仍存在的挑战和未来展望。本文受版权保护。版权所有，禁止转载。

Brain diseases, such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and brain injuries, are caused by various pathophysiological changes such as excessive or impaired angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, immune activation or suppression, neurodegenerative disorders, and neurovirulent protein deposition, which poses a serious health threat. Brain disorders are often difficult to treat due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hinders the delivery of drugs to the brain. Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells and artificial nanovesicles (ANVs), possess the ability to penetrate the BBB and thus can be utilized for drug delivery to the brain. BNVs, especially endogenous EVs, are widely distributed in body fluids and usually carry various disease-related signal molecules such as proteins, RNA and DNA, and may therefore also be analyzed to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of brain diseases. This review will cover the exhaustive classification and characterization of BNVs and pathophysiological roles involved in various brain diseases, and emphatically focus on nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for brain disease theranostics, including various diagnosis strategies and precise therapeutic regulations (e.g., immunity regulation, disordered protein clearance, anti-neuroinflammation, neuro-regeneration, angiogenesis and the gut-brain axis regulation). We also discuss and outline the remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the nanotechnology-integrated BNVs for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.