细胞、组织和系统水平维持了严密的pH值，并且改变的pH值（尤其是在酸性范围内）与感染、损伤、固体肿瘤以及生理和病理性炎症有关。然而，在组织水平上，如何感知和调节pH以及它如何影响免疫反应仍不明确。应用稳态和炎症电路的概念框架，我们对参与pH调节的细胞和组织成分进行了分类，并从生理学中的已确立案例进行了对比。通过表达各种胞内（pHi）和胞外pH（pHe）感受受体，免疫系统可以将关于组织和细胞状态的信息整合到稳态和炎症程序的调节中。我们引入了新颖的阻抗和适应性反应概念，以合理化与稳态平衡和炎症控制相互交织的pH依赖的免疫调节。我们讨论了理解pH感应的免疫学作用的新挑战和机遇，这可能揭示出抗炎和恢复组织稳态的新策略。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。

pH is tightly maintained at cellular, tissue, and systemic levels, and altered pH - particularly in the acidic range - is associated with infection, injury, solid tumors, and physiological and pathological inflammation. However, how pH is sensed and regulated and how it influences immune responses remain poorly understood at the tissue level. Applying conceptual frameworks of homeostatic and inflammatory circuitries, we categorize cellular and tissue components engaged in pH regulation, drawing parallels from established cases in physiology. By expressing various intracellular (pHi) and extracellular pH (pHe)-sensing receptors, the immune system may integrate information on tissue and cellular states into the regulation of homeostatic and inflammatory programs. We introduce the novel concept of resistance and adaptation responses to rationalize pH-dependent immunomodulation intertwined with homeostatic equilibrium and inflammatory control. We discuss emerging challenges and opportunities in understanding the immunological roles of pH sensing, which might reveal new strategies to combat inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.