程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD-1）阻断疗法的突破改变了过去几年非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的临床治疗。 PD-1阻断疗法的成功归因于肺癌细胞的高肿瘤突变负荷和高免疫原性。为了进一步提高NSCLC免疫治疗的疗效并克服肺癌细胞对免疫检查点阻断的抵抗力，迫切需要增强主动免疫反应的新方法，例如新抗原疫苗和基于细胞的疗法。新抗原因其高免疫原性和特异性而被认为是癌症免疫治疗的理想靶标。在这篇小综述中，我们首先讨论了治疗癌症的新抗原疫苗的当前进展，然后回顾了基于新抗原的非小细胞肺癌疗法的临床前研究和早期人体临床试验的结果。最后，我们重点关注 NSCLC 患者新抗原的鉴定，并回顾最近研究和我们的调查报告的候选突变。该综述的结论是，除了免疫检查点阻断之外，针对新抗原的方法有望提高 NSCLC 免疫治疗的疗效。© 2023 作者。中国肺肿瘤学组与John Wiley联合出版《胸癌》

The breakthrough of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade therapy has changed the clinical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the past few years. The success of PD-1 blockade therapy has been attributed to high tumor mutation burden and high immunogenicity of lung cancer cells. To further improve the efficacy of NSCLC immunotherapy and overcome the resistance of lung cancer cells to immune checkpoint blockade, new approaches that enhance the active immune response, such as neoantigen vaccines and cellular-based therapies, are urgently required. Neoantigens are considered ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy because of their high immunogenicity and specificity. In this mini review, we first discuss the current advances in neoantigen vaccines for treating cancers and then review the results of preclinical studies and early-phase human clinical trials of neoantigen-based therapies for NSCLC. Finally, we focus on the identification of neoantigens in patients with NSCLC and review the candidate mutations reported by recent studies and our investigations. The review concludes that, in addition to immune checkpoint blockade, approaches targeting neoantigens are promising for improving the efficacy of NSCLC immunotherapy.© 2023 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.