自噬介导溶酶体系统中细胞物质的降解和回收。功能失调的自噬与多种疾病有关，包括不受控制的感染、癌症和神经退行性疾病。在巨自噬（以下简称自噬）中，这种物质被封装在双层膜囊泡（即自噬体）中，自噬体在诱导自噬时形成。自噬体的前身，称为吞噬细胞，首先出现为小的扁平膜池，随着它们的生长逐渐包围货物物质。自噬启动过程中吞噬泡的组装一直是过去几十年研究的主要课题。特别关注的是 ATG9，它是核心机制中唯一保守的跨膜蛋白。 ATG9 的大部分定位于高尔基体衍生的小囊泡。在此，我们回顾了关于 ATG9 及其所在囊泡如何组装自噬机制并建立自噬体生物发生的膜接触位点的最新进展和突破。我们还强调了该领域需要在未来几年解决的开放性问题。版权所有 © 2024 作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。

Autophagy mediates the degradation and recycling of cellular material in the lysosomal system. Dysfunctional autophagy is associated with a plethora of diseases including uncontrolled infections, cancer and neurodegeneration. In macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) this material is encapsulated in double membrane vesicles, the autophagosomes, which form upon induction of autophagy. The precursors to autophagosomes, referred to as phagophores, first appear as small flattened membrane cisternae, which gradually enclose the cargo material as they grow. The assembly of phagophores during autophagy initiation has been a major subject of investigation over the past decades. A special focus has been ATG9, the only conserved transmembrane protein among the core machinery. The majority of ATG9 localizes to small Golgi-derived vesicles. Here we review the recent advances and breakthroughs regarding our understanding of how ATG9 and the vesicles it resides in serve to assemble the autophagy machinery and to establish membrane contact sites for autophagosome biogenesis. We also highlight open questions in the field that need to be addressed in the years to come.Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.