癌症是全世界死亡的主要原因之一，人们正在寻找更有效的治疗癌症的方法。癌症免疫治疗是继手术、放疗、化疗、靶向治疗之后的一种新型有效的治疗方法。癌症免疫疗法旨在通过刺激或重建机体免疫系统来杀死肿瘤细胞，具有特异性高、安全性高的特点。然而，只有少数肿瘤患者对免疫治疗有反应，并且由于癌症免疫逃逸的复杂多变特征，免疫细胞的行为和调节机制需要从更多维度深入探讨。表观遗传修饰、代谢调节和细胞间通讯是免疫细胞适应和响应复杂肿瘤微环境的关键因素。它们通过调节基因表达、改变能量和营养需求来共同决定免疫细胞的状态和功能。此外，免疫细胞与其他免疫成分参与复杂的通信网络，这些免疫成分由外泌体、细胞因子和趋化因子介导，对于形成肿瘤进展和治疗反应至关重要。了解免疫细胞调节中此类多维度机制的相互作用和综合效应对于揭示免疫治疗失败的机制以及开发新的治疗靶点和策略非常重要。© 2024 作者。四川国际医学交流中心出版的MedComm

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and more effective ways of attacking cancer are being sought. Cancer immunotherapy is a new and effective therapeutic method after surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Cancer immunotherapy aims to kill tumor cells by stimulating or rebuilding the body's immune system, with specific efficiency and high safety. However, only few tumor patients respond to immunotherapy and due to the complex and variable characters of cancer immune escape, the behavior and regulatory mechanisms of immune cells need to be deeply explored from more dimensions. Epigenetic modifications, metabolic modulation, and cell-to-cell communication are key factors in immune cell adaptation and response to the complex tumor microenvironment. They collectively determine the state and function of immune cells through modulating gene expression, changing in energy and nutrient demands. In addition, immune cells engage in complex communication networks with other immune components, which are mediated by exosomes, cytokines, and chemokines, and are pivotal in shaping the tumor progression and therapeutic response. Understanding the interactions and combined effects of such multidimensions mechanisms in immune cell modulation is important for revealing the mechanisms of immunotherapy failure and developing new therapeutic targets and strategies.© 2024 The Authors. MedComm published by Sichuan International Medical Exchange & Promotion Association (SCIMEA) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.