近十年来，通过对患者亚组进行靶向治疗、扩大同种异体干细胞移植（allo-SCT）适应症以及对残留或新发白血病的监测，急性髓系白血病（AML）的治疗和管理得到了改善。然而，在初始化疗后获得完全缓解（CR）的患者中，血液学复发仍然是发病和死亡的重要原因。在此，我们回顾了使用二盐酸组胺和低剂量白细胞介素 2 (HDC/LD-IL-2) 维持 AML 缓解的免疫治疗方案。该疗法在欧洲的巩固后阶段获得批准，以避免不适合接受前期异基因 SCT 的 CR 患者复发。我们介绍了该疗法所谓的抗白血病机制的各个方面，包括将临床前结果转化为临床环境，以及预防亚组患者的复发。我们认为 HDC/LD-IL-2 对于年轻人来说是一个可行的选择，特别是正常核型的 AML 患者和对初始化疗有良好反应的患者。 HDC/LD-IL-2 可能形成 AML 缓解维持的新兴景观。

The treatment and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has improved in recent decennia by targeted therapy for subgroups of patients, expanded indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and surveillance of residual or arising leukemia. However, hematological relapse among patients who have attained complete remission (CR) after the initial courses of chemotherapy remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Here, we review an immunotherapeutic option using histamine dihydrochloride and low-dose interleukin-2 (HDC/LD-IL-2) for remission maintenance in AML. The treatment is approved in Europe in the post-consolidation phase to avoid relapse among patients in CR who are not candidates for upfront allo-SCT. We present aspects of the purported anti-leukemic mechanism of this regimen, including translation of preclinical results into the clinical setting, along with relapse prevention in subgroups of patients. We consider that HDC/LD-IL-2 is a conceivable option for younger adults, in particular patients with AML of normal karyotype and those with favorable responses to the initial chemotherapy. HDC/LD-IL-2 may form an emerging landscape of remission maintenance in AML.