神经母细胞瘤是一种周围神经系统肿瘤，几乎只发生在幼儿中。尽管强化治疗方式提高了患者的生存率，但高危疾病患者的预后仍约为 50%，这表明神经母细胞瘤是儿童癌症相关死亡的主要原因。神经母细胞瘤是一种胚胎肿瘤，其形状取决于其起源于神经嵴内的细胞。因此，神经母细胞瘤通常具有较低的突变负担，并且在大多数情况下是由表观遗传失调的转录网络驱动的。组学技术的最新发展使我们对神经母细胞瘤的进化、异质性和可塑性以及神经母细胞瘤微环境中的细胞内和细胞间分子通讯网络有了详细的了解。在这里，我们讨论这些最近发现的潜力，重点是新的治疗方式，包括有望带来更好的未来治疗方案的免疫疗法。

Neuroblastoma is a peripheral nervous system tumor that almost exclusively occurs in young children. Although intensified treatment modalities have led to increased patient survival, the prognosis for patients with high-risk disease is still around 50%, signifying neuroblastoma as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor and is shaped by its origin from cells within the neural crest. Hence, neuroblastoma usually presents with a low mutational burden and is, in the majority of cases, driven by epigenetically deregulated transcription networks. The recent development of Omic techniques has given us detailed knowledge of neuroblastoma evolution, heterogeneity, and plasticity, as well as intra- and intercellular molecular communication networks within the neuroblastoma microenvironment. Here, we discuss the potential of these recent discoveries with emphasis on new treatment modalities, including immunotherapies which hold promise for better future treatment regimens.