结直肠癌 (CRC) 是世界上第三大最常见的癌症，并且经常在其发展已很严重时才被发现。大约 20% 的 CRC 病例是转移性且无法治愈的。越来越多的证据表明，负责肿瘤生长、复发和治疗耐药性的结直肠癌干细胞（CCSC）是结直肠癌如此与众不同的原因。因为我们对干细胞生物学了解更多，所以我们很快了解了影响肠道细胞平衡和癌症的信号通路之间的分子过程和可能的串扰。 Wnt、Notch、TGF-β 和 Hedgehog 是信号通路成员的例子，其基因可能发生变化以产生 CCSC。这些基因控制SCs的自我更新和多能性，进而决定CCSCs的功能和表型。然而，就其产生肿瘤的能力和对化疗药物的敏感性而言，CSC 与正常干细胞和大部分肿瘤细胞不同。这可能是接受手术和化疗的患者癌症复发率较高的原因。科学家发现，一组与 CCSC 相关的不受控制的 miRNA 会影响干性特性。这些 miRNA 控制 CCSC 功能，例如改变细胞周期基因的表达、转移和耐药机制。 CCSC 相关 miRNA 主要控制已知对 CCSC 生物学很重要的信号通路。 CCSC 的生物标志物（CD 标志物和 miRNA）及其诊断作用是本综述研究的主要主题。

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently found cancer in the world, and it is frequently discovered when it is already far along in its development. About 20% of cases of CRC are metastatic and incurable. There is more and more evidence that colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), which are in charge of tumor growth, recurrence, and resistance to treatment, are what make CRC so different. Because we know more about stem cell biology, we quickly learned about the molecular processes and possible cross-talk between signaling pathways that affect the balance of cells in the gut and cancer. Wnt, Notch, TGF-β, and Hedgehog are examples of signaling pathway members whose genes may change to produce CCSCs. These genes control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then decide the function and phenotype of CCSCs. However, in terms of their ability to create tumors and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs, CSCs differ from normal stem cells and the bulk of tumor cells. This may be the reason for the higher rate of cancer recurrence in patients who underwent both surgery and chemotherapy treatment. Scientists have found that a group of uncontrolled miRNAs related to CCSCs affect stemness properties. These miRNAs control CCSC functions like changing the expression of cell cycle genes, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms. CCSC-related miRNAs mostly control signal pathways that are known to be important for CCSC biology. The biomarkers (CD markers and miRNA) for CCSCs and their diagnostic roles are the main topics of this review study.