细胞外囊泡（EV）是用于细胞间通讯的膜结合纳米颗粒。 EV 的亚型，即外泌体和微泡，可将多种生物活性物质转移至靶细胞，并最终干扰免疫反应。尽管是一种很有前景的方法，但癌症免疫疗法目前面临着包括免疫抵抗在内的一些挑战。肿瘤微环境中各种来源分泌的EV会引起免疫细胞耗竭，降低CAR T细胞和免疫检查点抑制剂等免疫治疗的疗效。本文详细介绍了各种类型的EV在抑制免疫反应和免疫治疗中的作用机制，并对基于 EV 的治疗进行了全面的综述。通过利用 EV 的独特特征，天然或改良的 EV 被创新地用作新型癌症疗法。它们偶尔会与目前已建立的治疗方法结合起来，以克服其不足之处。研究 EV 和基于 EV 的治疗的特性和相互作用对于确定癌症治疗的未来步骤至关重要。

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles for intercellular communication. Subtypes of EVs, namely exosomes and microvesicles transfer diverse, bioactive cargo to their target cells and eventually interfere with immune responses. Despite being a promising approach, cancer immunotherapy currently faces several challenges including immune resistance. EVs secreted from various sources in the tumor microenvironment provoke immune cell exhaustion and lower the efficacy of immunological treatments such as CAR T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors.This article goes through the mechanisms of action of various types of EVs in inhibiting immune response and immunotherapies, and provides a comprehensive review of EV-based treatments.By making use of the distinctive features of EVs, natural or modified EVs are innovatively utilized as novel cancer therapeutics. They are occasionally coupled with currently established treatments to overcome their inadequacies. Investigating the properties and interactions of EVs and EV-based treatments is crucial for determining future steps in cancer therapeutics.