本文发展了细胞后期的理论。在简要描述微管、有丝分裂纺锤体和中心体之后，在细胞质和液晶结构的背景下引入和发展了后期的数学模型。然后简要描述前期、前中期和中期，以重点关注本文的主要研究后期。所涉及的实体根据液晶缺陷进行建模，微管表示为缺陷通量线。所采用的数学技术广泛利用了基于 Dafermos (1970) 根据经典 Frank-Oseen 向列液晶能量 (Frank, 1958; Oseen, 1933) 开发的工作的能量考虑因素。关于液晶理论，我们引入了缺陷影响区域的概念，据信该概念具有超出本文主题的重要含义。本文的结果与观察到的生化现象相符，并探索了其在 HeLa 细胞和秀丽隐杆线虫中的应用。这种统一的方法提供了深入了解有丝分裂异常的各种后果的可能性，这些异常可能导致唐氏综合症、霍奇金淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、前列腺癌和各种其他类型的癌症。版权所有 © 2024 作者。由爱思唯尔公司出版。保留所有权利。

This paper develops a theory for anaphase in cells. After a brief description of microtubules, the mitotic spindle and the centrosome, a mathematical model for anaphase is introduced and developed in the context of the cell cytoplasm and liquid crystalline structures. Prophase, prometaphase and metaphase are then briefly described in order to focus on anaphase, which is the main study of this paper. The entities involved are modelled in terms of liquid crystal defects and microtubules are represented as defect flux lines. The mathematical techniques employed make extensive use of energy considerations based on the work that was developed by Dafermos (1970) from the classical Frank-Oseen nematic liquid crystal energy (Frank, 1958; Oseen, 1933). With regard to liquid crystal theory we introduce the concept of regions of influence for defects which it is believed have important implications beyond the subject of this paper. The results of this paper align with observed biochemical phenomena and are explored in application to HeLa cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. This unified approach offers the possibility of gaining insight into various consequences of mitotic abnormalities which may result in Down syndrome, Hodgkin lymphoma, breast, prostate and various other types of cancer.Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.