细胞间通讯可以通过直接的细胞间接触和通过分泌可溶性趋化因子、细胞因子和生长因子的间接相互作用来介导。细胞外囊泡（EV）已成为细胞与细胞以及细胞与环境通讯的重要介质。来自肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞和基质细胞的EV可以重塑肿瘤微环境，促进癌细胞存活、增殖、转移、免疫逃避和治疗耐药。最重要的是，电动汽车作为天然纳米粒子可以被操纵作为靶向癌症治疗的有效输送系统。可以对EV进行工程设计或修饰，以提高其靶向肿瘤和递送治疗物质（例如化疗药物、核酸和蛋白质）以治疗癌症的能力。本综述概述了 EV 的生物发生和回收，讨论了它们在癌症发展中的作用，并强调了它们作为靶向癌症治疗输送系统的潜力。© 作者 2024。由牛津大学出版社代表研究所出版中国科学院上海生命科学研究院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所。

Intercellular communication can be mediated by direct cell-to-cell contact and indirect interactions through secretion of soluble chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important mediators of cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communications. EVs from tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal cells can remodel the tumor microenvironment and promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Most importantly, EVs as natural nanoparticles can be manipulated to serve as a potent delivery system for targeted cancer therapy. EVs can be engineered or modified to improve their ability to target tumors and deliver therapeutic substances, such as chemotherapeutic drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins, for the treatment of cancer. This review provides an overview of the biogenesis and recycling of EVs, discusses their roles in cancer development, and highlights their potential as a delivery system for targeted cancer therapy.© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.