癌症是一种高度异质性的疾病，因此患者之间的治疗反应差异很大。为了提高癌症患者的治疗效果和结果，需要更具代表性和针对患者的临床前模型。类器官和类肿瘤是 3D 细胞培养模型，通常保留其起源组织的遗传和表观遗传特征以及形态。因此，它们可用于在更生理的环境中了解癌症发生、进展和转移的潜在机制。此外，肿瘤样细胞和癌症相关细胞的共培养方法可以帮助了解肿瘤与其肿瘤微环境之间的相互作用。近年来，类肿瘤已经帮助改进治疗方法并确定了癌症治疗的新靶点。先进的培养系统，例如基于芯片的流体装置和生物打印方法与类肿瘤相结合，已用于个性化医疗的高通量应用。尽管类器官和类肿瘤模型是复杂的体外系统，但体内结果的验证仍然是常见的做法。在这里，我们描述了近年来动物源性和人类源性肿瘤如何帮助识别癌症治疗的新弱点，以及它们目前如何用于精准医学。© 2024。作者。

Cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, and thus treatment responses vary greatly between patients. To improve therapy efficacy and outcome for cancer patients, more representative and patient-specific preclinical models are needed. Organoids and tumoroids are 3D cell culture models that typically retain the genetic and epigenetic characteristics, as well as the morphology, of their tissue of origin. Thus, they can be used to understand the underlying mechanisms of cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis in a more physiological setting. Additionally, co-culture methods of tumoroids and cancer-associated cells can help to understand the interplay between a tumor and its tumor microenvironment. In recent years, tumoroids have already helped to refine treatments and to identify new targets for cancer therapy. Advanced culturing systems such as chip-based fluidic devices and bioprinting methods in combination with tumoroids have been used for high-throughput applications for personalized medicine. Even though organoid and tumoroid models are complex in vitro systems, validation of results in vivo is still the common practice. Here, we describe how both animal- and human-derived tumoroids have helped to identify novel vulnerabilities for cancer treatment in recent years, and how they are currently used for precision medicine.© 2024. The Author(s).