膀胱癌（BC）是全球第十大最常见的恶性肿瘤，由于其高发病率、快速进展和频繁复发而带来重大的临床和社会挑战。目前，膀胱镜检查和尿细胞学检查是 BC 的既定诊断方法。然而，它们的功效受到侵入性和低敏感性的限制。因此，开发高度特异性的生物标志物和有效的非侵入性检测策略对于实现BC的准确及时诊断、促进最佳肿瘤治疗和改善预后至关重要。 microRNA (miRNA) 是一种大约 20-25 个核苷酸的短非编码 RNA 分子，参与多种致癌途径的调节。显着改变的 miRNA 形成强大的功能调节网络，对 BC 的肿瘤发生和进展产生显着影响。对源自血液、尿液或细胞外囊泡的异常 miRNA 的研究表明，它们作为 BC 的诊断生物标志物和预后指标的潜在作用，使 miRNA 能够监测疾病的进展并预测疾病的复发。同时，以 miRNA 作为潜在治疗剂为中心的研究提出了治疗 BC 的新方法。本综述全面分析了 miRNA 在肿瘤发生和进展中的生物学作用，并系统总结了其作为 BC 诊断和预后生物标志物以及治疗靶点的潜力。此外，我们评估了该领域实验室技术取得的进展并讨论了前景。

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most prevalent malignancy globally, presenting significant clinical and societal challenges because of its high incidence, rapid progression, and frequent recurrence. Presently, cystoscopy and urine cytology serve as the established diagnostic methods for BC. However, their efficacy is limited by invasive nature and low sensitivity. Therefore, the development of highly specific biomarkers and effective non-invasive detection strategies is imperative for achieving a precise and timely diagnosis of BC, as well as for facilitating an optimal tumor treatment and an improved prognosis. microRNAs (miRNAs), short noncoding RNA molecules spanning around 20-25 nucleotides, are implicated in the regulation of diverse carcinogenic pathways. Substantially altered miRNAs form robust functional regulatory networks that exert a notable influence on the tumorigenesis and progression of BC. Investigations into aberrant miRNAs derived from blood, urine, or extracellular vesicles indicate their potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators in BC, enabling miRNAs to monitor the progression and predict the recurrence of the disease. Simultaneously, the investigation centered on miRNA as a potential therapeutic agent presents a novel approach for the treatment of BC. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biological roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and progression, and systematically summarizes the potential as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for BC. Additionally, we evaluate the progress made in laboratory techniques within this field and discuss the prospects.