靶向治疗和免疫治疗的引入极大地改变了癌症患者的临床结果和预后。尽管有创新的药物疗法和改进的放射治疗 (RT) 技术，但患者仍继续遭受副作用的困扰，其中口腔粘膜炎 (OM) 仍然是影响最大的，尤其是对生活质量而言。我们概述了癌症药物治疗和治疗的当前进展RT，与它们引起 OM 的潜力有关，以及与 OM 最佳管理相关的较少探索和较新的文献报告。我们分析了天然/抗氧化剂、益生菌、粘膜保护剂和愈合辅助剂、药物疗法、免疫调节剂和抗癌剂、光生物调节以及技术的影响。CT 和 RT 诱导的 OM 更精确的病理生理机制的发现概述了 OM 具有以下特点：多因素起源，包括直接影响、氧化损伤、免疫因子上调以及对口腔菌群的影响。与患者特征相关的因素相关的持续上调的免疫反应可能导致更严重和更持久的 OM。目标是结合个体患者、疾病和治疗相关因素来指导 OM 预防或治疗。尽管需要进一步的高质量研究，但预防问题在未来的战略中至关重要。

The introduction of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has tremendously changed the clinical outcomes and prognosis of cancer patients. Despite innovative pharmacological therapies and improved radiotherapy (RT) techniques, patients continue to suffer from side effects, of which oral mucositis (OM) is still the most impactful, especially for quality of life.We provide an overview of current advances in cancer pharmacotherapy and RT, in relation to their potential to cause OM, and of the less explored and more recent literature reports related to the best management of OM. We have analyzed natural/antioxidant agents, probiotics, mucosal protectants and healing coadjuvants, pharmacotherapies, immunomodulatory and anticancer agents, photobiomodulation and the impact of technology.The discovery of more precise pathophysiologic mechanisms of CT and RT-induced OM has outlined that OM has a multifactorial origin, including direct effects, oxidative damage, upregulation of immunologic factors, and effects on oral flora. A persistent upregulated immune response, associated with factors related to patients' characteristics, may contribute to more severe and long-lasting OM. The goal is strategies to conjugate individual patient, disease, and therapy-related factors to guide OM prevention or treatment. Despite further high-quality research is warranted, the issue of prevention is paramount in future strategies.