免疫检查点是免疫反应的重要调节者，可以激活或抑制免疫反应。因此，它们被认为是治疗感染、癌症和自身免疫性疾病的关键要素。近年来，研究人员发现了许多通过各种机制产生的可溶性免疫检查点，并证明了其生物活性。这些可溶性免疫检查点可以在血液和各种组织中产生和分布，它们在免疫反应失调和自身免疫中的作用已被广泛记录。本综述旨在全面概述各种可溶性免疫检查点的产生，例如 sPD-1、sCTLA-4、sTim-3、s4-1BB、sBTLA、sLAG-3、sCD200 和 B7 家族及其作为诊断和预测自身免疫性疾病的指标的重要性。此外，该综述还将研究可溶性免疫检查点在自身免疫性疾病中的潜在病理机制，强调其与自身免疫性疾病的发展、预后和治疗的关联。版权所有 © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。

Immune checkpoints are essential regulators of immune responses, either by activating or suppressing them. Consequently, they are regarded as pivotal elements in the management of infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. In recent years, researchers have identified numerous soluble immune checkpoints that are produced through various mechanisms and demonstrated biological activity. These soluble immune checkpoints can be produced and distributed in the bloodstream and various tissues, with their roles in immune response dysregulation and autoimmunity extensively documented. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the generation of various soluble immune checkpoints, such as sPD-1, sCTLA-4, sTim-3, s4-1BB, sBTLA, sLAG-3, sCD200, and the B7 family, and their importance as indicators for the diagnosis and prediction of autoimmune conditions. Furthermore, the review will investigate the potential pathological mechanisms of soluble immune checkpoints in autoimmune diseases, emphasizing their association with autoimmune diseases development, prognosis, and treatment.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.