全球变暖的最新趋势对全球生态系统构成了重大威胁。全球气候变化也影响了水生生态系统的污染水平，进而影响人类健康。为了解决这些问题，我们进行了一项实验来研究铁纳米颗粒 (Fe-NPs) 对砷和氨毒性以及高温应激 (As NH3 T) 的缓解作用。 Fe-NP 使用鱼类废物进行生物合成，并以 10、15 和 20 mg kg-1 日粮掺入饲料配方中。按照涉及 540 条鱼的完全随机设计，总共设计了 12 个处理，一式三份。 15 mg kg-1 饮食中的 Fe-NP 显着降低了暴露于多种应激源的鱼的皮质醇水平。 HSP 70、DNA 损伤诱导蛋白 (DDIP) 和 DNA 损伤的基因表达受应激源 (As NH3 T) 上调，并受 Fe-NPs 下调。在接受 As NH3 T 胁迫的鱼中，15 mg kg-1 饮食中的 Fe-NP 下调了凋亡基因（Cas 3a 和 3b）和解毒基因（CYP 450）、金属硫蛋白（MT）和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS） 。 Fe-NPs 上调了肿瘤坏死因子 (TNFα)、免疫球蛋白 (Ig) 和白细胞介素 (IL) 等免疫相关基因，表明鱼在 As NH3 T 胁迫下免疫力增强。相反，在 As NH3 T 胁迫下，添加 15 mg kg-1 饲料的 Fe-NPs 显着下调鱼类 Toll 样受体 (TLR) 的表达。无论应激源如何，鱼中 15 mg kg-1 饮食中的 Fe-NP 均可改善免疫特性，如硝基蓝四唑氯化物、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、A:G 比和髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)。 Fe-NPs 也增强了鱼类的抗氧化基因（CAT、SOD 和 GPx）。与生长性能相关的基因，如生长激素调节因子（GHR1 和 GHRβ）、生长激素（GH）和胰岛素样生长因子（IGF 1X 和 IGF 2X）被上调，促进了鱼类在压力下的生长，而 SMT 和 MYST饮食中的 Fe-NP 下调。日粮中添加 15 mg kg-1 的 Fe-NP 可以改善各种生长性能指标。值得注意的是，Fe-NPs 还增强了砷的解毒作用，并降低了细菌感染后的累积死亡率。总之，这项研究强调，膳食铁纳米颗粒可以通过调节鱼类的基因表达，有效减轻砷和氨的毒性以及高温应激。版权所有 © 2024 Kumar、Thorat、Gunaware、Kumar 和 Reddy。

The recent trend of global warming poses a significant threat to ecosystems worldwide. This global climate change has also impacted the pollution levels in aquatic ecosystems, subsequently affecting human health. To address these issues, an experiment was conducted to investigate the mitigating effects of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress (As+NH3+T). Fe-NPs were biologically synthesized using fish waste and incorporated into feed formulations at 10, 15, and 20 mg kg-1 diet. A total of 12 treatments were designed in triplicate following a completely randomized design involving 540 fish. Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet notably reduced the cortisol levels in fish exposed to multiple stressors. The gene expressions of HSP 70, DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP), and DNA damage were upregulated by stressors (As+NH3+T) and downregulated by Fe-NPs. Apoptotic genes (Cas 3a and 3b) and detoxifying genes (CYP 450), metallothionein (MT), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish subjected to As+NH3+T stress. Immune-related genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), immunoglobulin (Ig), and interleukin (IL) were upregulated by Fe-NPs, indicating enhanced immunity in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Conversely, Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression was notably downregulated by Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish under As+NH3+T stress. Immunological attributes such as nitro blue tetrazolium chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet in fish, regardless of stressors. The antioxidant genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx) were also strengthened by Fe-NPs in fish. Genes associated with growth performance, such as growth hormone regulator (GHR1 and GHRβ), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1X and IGF 2X), were upregulated, enhancing fish growth under stress, while SMT and MYST were downregulated by Fe-NPs in the diet. Various growth performance indicators were improved by dietary Fe-NPs at 15 mg kg-1 diet. Notably, Fe-NPs also enhanced arsenic detoxification and reduced the cumulative mortality after a bacterial infection. In conclusion, this study highlights that dietary Fe-NPs can effectively mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity as well as high temperature stress by modulating gene expression in fish.Copyright © 2024 Kumar, Thorat, Gunaware, Kumar and Reddy.