人们对神经胶质瘤和免疫系统之间的相互作用知之甚少，因此阻碍了神经胶质瘤患者有效免疫疗法的开发。在肿瘤发展过程中，免疫反应变化很大，并受到手术、放疗和化疗等疗法的影响。目前，由于肿瘤的可达性差和采样的高发病率，对这些局部变化的分析很困难。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种对小鼠进行重复活检的模型，以研究这些局部免疫学随时间的变化。通过细针活检，我们能够安全、重复地从小鼠颅内肿瘤中收集细胞。超快循环技术 (FAST) 用于对回收的细胞进行多循环免疫荧光，并提供了有关随时间变化的免疫反应的见解。这些技术的组合可用于研究神经胶质瘤或其他颅内疾病的免疫反应随时间的变化，以及对同一动物内治疗的反应。细针活检和超快循环技术的开发是为了允许对小鼠神经胶质瘤进行重复采样和分析。

The interaction between gliomas and the immune system is poorly understood and thus hindering development of effective immunotherapies for glioma patients. The immune response is highly variable during tumor development, and affected by therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Currently, analysis of these local changes is difficult due to poor accessibility of the tumor and high-morbidity of sampling. In this study, we developed a model for repeat-biopsy in mice to study these local immunological changes over time. Using fine needle biopsy we were able to safely and repeatedly collect cells from intracranial tumors in mice. Ultra-fast cycling technology (FAST) was used for multi-cycle immunofluorescence of retrieved cells, and provided insights in the changing immune response over time. The combination of these techniques can be utilized to study changes in the immune response in glioma or other intracranial diseases over time, and in response to treatment within the same animal.Fine-needle biopsy and ultra-fast cycling technology techniques were developed to allow for repeat sampling and analysis of glial tumors in mice.