原位癌症疫苗接种是指利用肿瘤部位可用的肿瘤抗原来诱导肿瘤特异性适应性免疫反应的任何方法。这些方法为许多实体瘤的治疗带来了巨大的希望，有许多候选药物正在进行临床前或临床评估，并且有几种产品已经获得批准。然而，开发有效的原位癌症疫苗仍面临挑战。例如，肿瘤细胞释放的肿瘤抗原不充分，限制了免疫细胞对抗原的摄取；抗原呈递细胞对抗原的处理不足限制了抗原特异性 T 细胞反应的产生；肿瘤的抑制性免疫微环境导致效应细胞耗竭和死亡。合理设计的递送技术，例如脂质纳米粒子、水凝胶、支架和聚合物纳米粒子，通过将治疗药物靶向递送至肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞或细胞外基质，特别适合克服这些挑战。在这里，我们讨论有可能减少原位癌症疫苗的各种临床障碍的递送技术。我们还提供了我们对癌症疫苗生物学和递送技术交叉领域这一新兴领域的看法。© 2024。施普林格自然有限公司。

In situ cancer vaccination refers to any approach that exploits tumour antigens available at a tumour site to induce tumour-specific adaptive immune responses. These approaches hold great promise for the treatment of many solid tumours, with numerous candidate drugs under preclinical or clinical evaluation and several products already approved. However, there are challenges in the development of effective in situ cancer vaccines. For example, inadequate release of tumour antigens from tumour cells limits antigen uptake by immune cells; insufficient antigen processing by antigen-presenting cells restricts the generation of antigen-specific T cell responses; and the suppressive immune microenvironment of the tumour leads to exhaustion and death of effector cells. Rationally designed delivery technologies such as lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, scaffolds and polymeric nanoparticles are uniquely suited to overcome these challenges through the targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumour cells, immune cells or the extracellular matrix. Here, we discuss delivery technologies that have the potential to reduce various clinical barriers for in situ cancer vaccines. We also provide our perspective on this emerging field that lies at the interface of cancer vaccine biology and delivery technologies.© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.