犬乳腺肿瘤（CMT）是犬类的一个重大健康问题，在未绝育的母犬中发病率很高。由于具有一些共同的病理生理学特征，CMT 是一种很有前途的人类乳腺癌比较模型。此外，CMT 与人类对应物具有很强的遗传相关性，包括 microRNA (miRNA) 的表达。 miRNA 是一类非编码 RNA，在基因表达的翻译后调控中发挥重要作用，与癌发生、肿瘤进展和转移有关。此外，miRNA 有望作为诊断、预后和转移生物标志物。了解 CMT 的分子机制对于改善诊断、预后和治疗监测至关重要。在此，我们全面概述了 CMT 中 miRNA 的当前知识，强调了它们在致癌作用中的作用及其作为生物标志物的潜力。此外，我们强调了当前的局限性，并批判性地讨论了该领域的总体挑战，强调未来研究需要将 miRNA 研究结果转化为兽医临床实践。© 2024。作者。

Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) represent a significant health concern in dogs, with a high incidence among intact female dogs. CMTs are a promising comparative model for human breast cancer, due to sharing several pathophysiological features. Additionally, CMTs have a strong genetic correlation with their human counterpart, including the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-translational regulation of gene expression, being implicated in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Moreover, miRNAs hold promise as diagnostic, prognostic, and metastatic biomarkers. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CMTs is crucial for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatments. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on miRNAs in CMTs, highlighting their roles in carcinogenesis and their potential as biomarkers. Additionally, we highlight the current limitations and critically discuss the overarching challenges in this field, emphasizing the need for future research to translate miRNA findings into veterinary clinical practice.© 2024. The Author(s).