这项全面的探索深入探讨了 microRNA (miRNA) 在复杂的细胞调控过程中的关键作用。作为基因表达的有效协调者，miRNA 在细胞过程中表现出多种功能，将其影响从细胞核延伸到细胞质。 miRNA 生物发生的复杂过程，包括转录、加工和整合到 RNA 诱导的沉默复合物中，展示了它们的多功能性。在细胞质中，成熟的 miRNA 通过调节靶标 mRNA 的表达来微调细胞功能，同时它们的作用范围延伸到细胞核，影响转录调控和表观遗传修饰。 miRNA 的失调在多种病理学中变得明显，例如癌症、自身免疫性疾病和炎症性疾病。 miRNA 对环境信号的适应性、与转录因子的相互作用以及参与复杂的调控网络强调了它们的重要性。 DNA 甲基化和组蛋白修饰加深了对 miRNA 动态调控的理解。与 RNA 结合蛋白竞争、海绵作用以及通过降解和编辑控制 miRNA 水平等机制促成了这一复杂的调节过程。在这篇综述中，我们主要关注 miRNA 表达失调如何与皮肤相关的自身免疫和自身炎症疾病、关节炎、心血管疾病、炎症性肠病、自身免疫和自身炎症疾病以及神经退行性疾病相关。我们还强调 miRNA 的多方面作用，敦促继续研究以揭示其复杂性。控制 miRNA 功能的机制有望在治疗干预方面取得进展，并增强对健康和疾病细胞动力学的了解。© 2024。作者。

This comprehensive exploration delves into the pivotal role of microRNAs (miRNAs) within the intricate tapestry of cellular regulation. As potent orchestrators of gene expression, miRNAs exhibit diverse functions in cellular processes, extending their influence from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The complex journey of miRNA biogenesis, involving transcription, processing, and integration into the RNA-induced silencing complex, showcases their versatility. In the cytoplasm, mature miRNAs finely tune cellular functions by modulating target mRNA expression, while their reach extends into the nucleus, influencing transcriptional regulation and epigenetic modifications. Dysregulation of miRNAs becomes apparent in various pathologies, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory conditions. The adaptability of miRNAs to environmental signals, interactions with transcription factors, and involvement in intricate regulatory networks underscore their significance. DNA methylation and histone modifications adds depth to understanding the dynamic regulation of miRNAs. Mechanisms like competition with RNA-binding proteins, sponging, and the control of miRNA levels through degradation and editing contribute to this complex regulation process. In this review, we mainly focus on how dysregulation of miRNA expression can be related with skin-related autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. We also emphasize the multifaceted roles of miRNAs, urging continued research to unravel their complexities. The mechanisms governing miRNA functions promise advancements in therapeutic interventions and enhanced insights into cellular dynamics in health and disease.© 2024. The Author(s).