像艾菊狗舌草 (J. vulgaris Gaertn., syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) 这样的狗舌草含有肝毒性和致癌性的吡咯里西啶生物碱 (PA) 及其相应的吡咯里西啶生物碱 N-氧化物 (PANO)。由于狗舌草 (Jacobaea spp.) 的传播不断增加，PA/PANO 可能会对食用受污染饲料和食品的动物和人类造成健康风险。因此，本研究的目的是研究源自明确的 PA/PANO 提取物的单个 PA/PANO 转移到奶牛牛奶中的情况。为了实现这一目标，在一项为期 28 天的剂量反应研究中，16 头德国荷斯坦奶牛被分配到四个治疗组 (n = 4)。每天早上挤奶后通过强饲法向网状瘤胃给药。三组接受不同量的 J. vulgaris 提取物，导致 PA/PANO 暴露量分别为 0.47、0.95 或 1.91mg PA/PANO/kg 体重/天。此外，对照组接受糖蜜来计算所用 PA/PANO 提取物的糖含量。虽然 PA/PANO 提取物的成分更加多样化，但牛奶中的 PA/PANO 模式主要是游离碱形式的 PA。结果表明，主要被认为在瘤胃环境中稳定的PA被转移到牛奶中。牛奶中的主要化合物是 Jacoline（PA/PANO 总和的 74.3±2.4%）、Jacoine（11.2±1.3%）和 Jacobine（7.2±0.6%），浓度高达 29.7、4.65μg/l，或在最高暴露组，3.44μg/l。 PA/PANO 向牛奶中的总转移率不存在剂量依赖性影响。平均转移率为施用内容物的0.064±0.005％。

Ragworts like tansy ragwort (J. vulgaris Gaertn., syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) contain hepatotoxic and cancerogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANO). Due to increasing spread of ragworts (Jacobaea spp.) PA/PANO may pose a health risk to animals and humans consuming contaminated feed and food. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the transfer of individual PA/PANO originating from a well-defined PA/PANO extract into the milk of dairy cows. For this objective, 16 German Holstein cows were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 4) in a 28-day dose-response study. Administration into the reticulorumen was performed daily by gavage after the morning milking. Three groups received different amounts of the J. vulgaris extract resulting in a PA/PANO exposure of 0.47, 0.95, or 1.91 mg PA/PANO/kg body weight/day, respectively. Furthermore, a control group received molasses to account for the sugar content of the used PA/PANO extract. While the composition of the PA/PANO extract was more diverse, the PA/PANO pattern in milk was dominated by the PA in their free base form. It was shown that mainly PA considered stable in the rumen environment were transferred into the milk. The main compounds in milk were jacoline (74.3 ± 2.4% of the PA/PANO sum), jaconine (11.2 ± 1.3%), and jacobine (7.2 ± 0.6%) with concentrations up to 29.7, 4.65 µg/l, or in the highest exposed group, 3.44 µg/l. There was no dose-dependent effect on the total PA/PANO transfer rate into the milk. The average transfer rate was 0.064 ± 0.005% of the administered content.