甲状腺调节大部分生理过程。环境因素，包括气候变化、污染、营养变化和接触化学品，已被认为会影响甲状腺功能和健康。甲状腺疾病和癌症在过去十年中有所增加，后者每年增加 1.1%，这表明环境污染物一定发挥了作用。这篇叙述性综述探讨了当前关于环境因素与甲状腺解剖和功能之间关系的知识，报告了环境因素作用的最新数据、机制和差距。全球变暖会改变甲状腺功能，生活在缺碘地区和火山地区会对甲状腺功能构成威胁，并且由于碘摄入量低以及接触重金属和氡气，可能有利于癌症的发生。水和土壤中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度较高的地区也会对甲状腺功能产生负面影响。空气污染，特别是室外空气中的颗粒物，会恶化甲状腺功能，并可能致癌。环境中暴露于干扰内分泌的化学物质会以多种方式改变甲状腺功能，因为一些化学物质可以模仿和/或破坏甲状腺激素的合成、释放以及对靶组织的作用，例如双酚、邻苯二甲酸盐、高氯酸盐以及全和聚-氟烷基物质。在讨论饮食和营养时，最近有证据表明微生物组相关的变化，动物脂肪消耗的增加与甲状腺自身抗体产生的增加有关。有一些证据表明微塑料有负面影响。最后，传染病会显着影响甲状腺功能；最近，我们从 SARS-CoV-2 大流行中汲取了教训。了解环境因素和污染物如何影响甲状腺功能对于制定预防策略和政策以保证新一代的适当发育和健康代谢以及预防成人和老年人的甲状腺疾病和癌症至关重要。然而，在理解上存在许多差距，需要进一步研究。版权所有 © 2024 Street、Shulhai、Petraroli、Patianna、Donini、Giudice、Gnocchi、Masetti、Montani、Rotondo、Bernasconi、Iughetti、Esposito 和 Predieri。

The thyroid gland regulates most of the physiological processes. Environmental factors, including climate change, pollution, nutritional changes, and exposure to chemicals, have been recognized to impact thyroid function and health. Thyroid disorders and cancer have increased in the last decade, the latter increasing by 1.1% annually, suggesting that environmental contaminants must play a role. This narrative review explores current knowledge on the relationships among environmental factors and thyroid gland anatomy and function, reporting recent data, mechanisms, and gaps through which environmental factors act. Global warming changes thyroid function, and living in both iodine-poor areas and volcanic regions can represent a threat to thyroid function and can favor cancers because of low iodine intake and exposure to heavy metals and radon. Areas with high nitrate and nitrite concentrations in water and soil also negatively affect thyroid function. Air pollution, particularly particulate matter in outdoor air, can worsen thyroid function and can be carcinogenic. Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can alter thyroid function in many ways, as some chemicals can mimic and/or disrupt thyroid hormone synthesis, release, and action on target tissues, such as bisphenols, phthalates, perchlorate, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances. When discussing diet and nutrition, there is recent evidence of microbiome-associated changes, and an elevated consumption of animal fat would be associated with an increased production of thyroid autoantibodies. There is some evidence of negative effects of microplastics. Finally, infectious diseases can significantly affect thyroid function; recently, lessons have been learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Understanding how environmental factors and contaminants influence thyroid function is crucial for developing preventive strategies and policies to guarantee appropriate development and healthy metabolism in the new generations and for preventing thyroid disease and cancer in adults and the elderly. However, there are many gaps in understanding that warrant further research.Copyright © 2024 Street, Shulhai, Petraroli, Patianna, Donini, Giudice, Gnocchi, Masetti, Montani, Rotondo, Bernasconi, Iughetti, Esposito and Predieri.